Review of Fast Charging for Electrified Transport: Demand, Technology, Systems, and Planning

Abstract

As the number and range of electric vehicles in use increases, and the size of batteries in those vehicles increases, the demand for fast and ultra-fast charging infrastructure is also expected to increase. The growth in the fast charging infrastructure raises a number of challenges to be addressed; primarily, high peak loads and their impacts on the electricity network. This paper reviews fast and ultra-fast charging technology and systems from a number of perspectives, including the following: current and expected trends in fast charging demand; the particular temporal and spatial characteristics of electricity demand associated with fast charging; the devices and circuit technologies commonly used in fast chargers; the potential system impacts of fast charging on the electricity distribution network and methods for managing those impacts; methods for long-term planning of fast charging facilities; finally, expected future developments in fast charging technology and systems.

A New Input-Parallel-Output-Series Three-Phase Hybrid Rectifier for Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle Chargers

“…Because of the weight/volume restrictions on the EVs, fast chargers with high power ratings (> 50 kW) are hence located outside the vehicles, named the off-board charger. The number of publications related to fast and ultra-fast charging technology, and related applications have seen an average annual growth rate of approximately 25% in the past decade [1,7].…”

“…The EV fast charger denotes the off-board DC-type charger which delivers a DC current (up to 600 A), a DC-link voltage (up to 1.5 kV), and thus high peak power (> 50 kW) to the EV battery under the control of the battery management system (BMS) [7]. Because of the high power rating and isolation requirements, fast chargers are typically bulky and located outside the vehicle, compared to the onboard AC level 1 (1.9 kW) and level 2 (19.2 kW) chargers.…”

“…In 2018, CharIN initiated the "Megawatt Charging System" (MCS) project to investigate the possible solutions and standards for charging E-trucks and E-buses [6]. In 2020, CHAdeMO has released the ultra-high-power protocol "CHAdeMO 3.0 ChaoJi", enabling a charging power rating up to 900 kW [7]. In the application of charging batteries of HDEVs, the power rating of the chargers can reach an ultra-high level (>1 MW) to ensure the charging time is comparable to the refuelling time of an internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle.…”

“…to IEC 61851-23 and IEEE 2030.1.1 standards, galvanic isolation is required to prevent failure in the AC grid or the DC-Bus to interfere with one another[7,8]. The galvanic isolation can be implemented on either the front-end grid side by a lower-frequency transformer ([cf.…”

Elucidating the Role of Rational Separator Microstructures in Guiding Dendrite Growth and Reviving Dead Li

“…High energy, fast charging, safety, and durability are consumer requirements for rechargeable batteries. − Li metal, as a high-energy-density anode material (ultra-high theoretical capacity of 3860 mAh g –1 and low reduction potential of −3.04 V), is an indispensable part of the production of high-energy rechargeable batteries. With the development of rapid charging technologies, − the psychological expectations of consumers are gradually being satisfied. However, the formation of Li dendrites during fast charging may cause an internal short circuit of the battery, which may lead to safety problems, such as fire and explosion.…”