Fast‐charging of lithium‐ion batteries: A review of electrolyte design aspects

Abstract

Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with fast‐charging capabilities have the potential to overcome the “range anxiety” issue and drive wider adoption of electric vehicles. The U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium has set a goal of fast charging, which requires charging 80% of the battery's state of charge within 15 min. However, the polarization effects under fast‐charging conditions can lead to electrode structure degradation, electrolyte side reactions, lithium plating, and temperature rise, which are highly linked to the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of electrolytes. The conventional nonaqueous electrolytes used in LIBs consist of carbonate and cannot support fast‐charging without compromising performance and lifespan. This review outlines the challenges of fast‐charging LIBs and the requirements of electrolytes suitable for fast‐charging. Additionally, recent developments in fast‐charging electrolytes from four key perspectives: electrolyte additives, low‐viscosity co‐solvents, high concentration or localized high‐concentration electrolytes, and advanced electrolytes are summarized. Furthermore, this review provides insights for the design of fast‐charging electrolytes based on the mechanism of charging process and offers an overview of the current state and future direction of the field.

Lithium-ion battery cell formation: status and future directions towards a knowledge-based process design

“…270 Aravindan et al review conductive salts used in Li-based batteries. 271 Advances and future directions in the design of electrolytes for fast-charging is provided by Lei et al 272 and Zhang et al . 273 The decomposition of electrolyte components has been the subject to many earlier reviews covering the impact on the SEI 43,46,88,145,274 and CEI.…”

Determining Fast Battery Charging Profiles Using an Equivalent Circuit Model and a Direct Optimal Control Approach

“…Numerous publications have demonstrated that the primary challenge in achieving fast charging lies in improving the charging protocol rather than focusing solely on battery chemistry [10]. For example, in the popular Tesla Model 3, manufactured by Tesla, Inc., Austin, TX, USA, the battery can be charged up to an 80% state of charge (S oC ) in less than 30 min, but not without affecting its longevity [11].…”

Strategic Model for Charging a Fleet of Electric Vehicles with Energy from Renewable Energy Sources

“…The number of chargers charging vehicle batteries with DC (direct current) with power ranging from 40 to 250 kW is also constantly growing. Currently, the fastest DC chargers have a power of 350 kW and are able to charge electric vehicle batteries in 15 min [29]. Such chargers are usually located at gas stations and passenger service areas located on highways and expressways.…”