Review of Emerging Approaches in Non- or Minimally Invasive Glucose Monitoring and their Application to Physiological Human Body Fluids

Abstract

The frequent blood glucose monitoring by the diabetics and physicians is a very essential step in the management of the diabetes because this devastating disease can lead the patients to blindness, kidney disease, nervous & circulatory system disease, limb amputations, stroke and cardiovascular disease (CVD). There have been numerous attempts to develop viable painless non-or minimally invasive blood glucose monitoring techniques over the last five decades in order to replace all existing methods of home blood glucose monitoring require drawing a blood sample by piercing the skin. This review describes the principles of two main emerging general technologies such as optical and electrochemical glucose monitoring methods, which represent 12 specific techniques applying multivariate regression analyses converting feeble optical or electrochemical signal to glucose concentration. This review article also deals with advances utilizing integration of glucose sensing techniques into targeting areas by sampling potential alternative physiological human body fluids to blood such as interstitial fluid, urine, sweat, ocular fluids and saliva contain traces of blood glucose.

Biomolecules and Electrochemical Tools in Chronic Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance: A Systematic Review

“…Accordingly, biosensing detection is peculiarly valuable in the quantitative analysis of chemical or biochemical species, including genetic material, blood, urine, serum, saliva, sweat, and other bodily fluids. Therefore, regular samples can be systematically evaluated by non-invasive and straightforward procedures, only requiring minimal intervention for the collection of pertinent fluids [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Colorimetric and Electrochemical Screening for Early Detection of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Retinopathy—Application of Sensor Arrays and Machine Learning

“…Table 2. Acetone [32] and glucose concentrations (mg/dL [33] and mM [32] units) in diverse relevant physiological fluids from patients with or without diabetes. The pH of the fluid [32] and the time required to diffuse blood from the capillaries to the tissues (time lag) [33] are also shown.…”

“…Acetone [32] and glucose concentrations (mg/dL [33] and mM [32] units) in diverse relevant physiological fluids from patients with or without diabetes. The pH of the fluid [32] and the time required to diffuse blood from the capillaries to the tissues (time lag) [33] are also shown. As stated by Sinha et al, the detection of albumin in the urine has been traditionally used as a screening method for diabetic nephropathy [90] and DR [23].…”

“…Thus, the use of other physiological fluids, which do not imply invasive techniques per se, are indeed desirable. Hence, the fluids considered in this review are urine, saliva, tears, sweat, and breath, which contain biomarkers relevant for the diagnosis of DM and DR (some examples in Table 1 ) and have already been studied in terms of sensing [ 30 , 32 , 33 ]; these have turned out to be promising alternatives for the development of less painful and more economic methods as compared to blood testing.…”

Blood glucose monitoring techniques: recent advances, challenges and future perspectives

“…Involves multivariate mathematical analysis of heat dissipation, the rate of blood flow and degree of oxygen saturation in blood where an oxidation of glucose generates heat whose quantity is correlated with the amount of dissipative oxygen and glucose [40]. It uses humidity, thermal and optical sensors [41].…”