Review of electrochemical ammonia production technologies and materials

Giddey, Sarbjit; Badwal, S. P. S.; Kulkarni, Aniruddha

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.09.054

Cited by 685 publications

(518 citation statements)

References 88 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

484

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…8 In particular, an electrochemical system that oxidises water in order to obtain protons and electrons for the reduction of nitrogen would be very attractive, as the only inputs required would be N 2 (which could conceivably come from the air), water and electricity (which could conceivably come from renewable sources). Hence no fossil fuels would need to be consumed to generate ammonia.…”

Section: Figure 1 Generic Mechanisms For Nitrogen Reduction To Ammonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress towards the electrosynthesis of ammonia from sustainable resources

2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ammonia (NH 3 ) is a key commodity chemical of vital importance for fertilizers. It is made on an industrial scale via the Haber Bosch process, which requires significant infrastructure to be in place such that ammonia is generally made in large, centralized facilities. If ammonia could be produced under less demanding conditions, then there would be the potential for smaller devices to be used to generate ammonia in a decentralized manner for local consumption. Electrochemistry has been proposed as an enabling technology for this purpose as it is relatively simple to scale electrolytic devices to meet almost any level of demand. Moreover, it is possible to envisage electrosynthetic cells where water could be oxidized to produce protons and electrons at the anode which could then be used to reduce and protonate nitrogen to give ammonia at the cathode. If this nitrogen were sourced from the air, then the only required infrastructure for this process would be supplies of water, air and electricity, the latter of which could be provided by renewables. Hence an electrosynthetic cell for ammonia production could allow NH 3 to be generated sustainably in small, low-cost devices requiring only minimal facilities. In this review, we describe recent progress towards such electrosynthetic ammonia production devices, summarizing also some of the seminal literature in the field. Comparison is made between the various different approaches that have been taken, and the key remaining challenges in the electrosynthesis of ammonia are highlighted.

show abstract

Section: Figure 1 Generic Mechanisms For Nitrogen Reduction To Ammonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress towards the electrosynthesis of ammonia from sustainable resources

2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[23][24][25] A variety of factors need to be analyzed when selecting the cell material such as system operating temperature, current density, pressure, and conductivity which affect the ammonia production rate. It is important to note that conductivity of a solid electrolyte increases exponentially with temperature and by reducing cell thickness as reported by Giddey et al 26 Kyriakou et al 27 recently reported extensive literature data about low temperature, medium temperature and high temperature electrochemical NH 3 28 presented the recent developments in electrochemical NH 3 production and they categorized the sources of proton as water, hydrogen and sacrificial proton donors. They resulted that the techniques keeping the temperatures in the range of 100…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia in Molten Salt Electrolyte Using Hydrogen and Nitrogen at Ambient Pressure

Biçer

Dinçer

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this study, the synthesis of ammonia (NH3) at ambient pressure using H2 and N2 is electrochemically achieved. The conducting and reaction media with molten salt consist of molten hydroxide as NaOH and KOH whereas the reaction temperature is varied in the range of 200°C to 255°C to investigate the impact of temperature on the ammonia production rate and hence performance. The porous nickel mesh electrodes having an area of 100 cm2 are used as cathode and anode where the supplied electricity is controlled using potentiostat/galvanostat. The maximum faradaic efficiency for ammonia synthesis is found to be 9.3% at 210°C corresponding to 6.53 × 10−10 mol/s cm2 ammonia evolution rate at 2 mA/cm2 current density with nano-Fe3O4 as the catalyst. Furthermore, the applied voltages and applied currents are varied to find the optimum experimental conditions for molten salt electrolyte based electrochemical ammonia synthesis.

show abstract

“…450°C), resulting in the large consumption of energy. 1), 2) Recently, using the renewable energy such as water power, wind power, and solar power, electrochemical synthesis of NH 3 using proton conducting solid electrolyte has been studied as an alternative process. 5)17) The electrochemical synthesis of NH 3 namely electrolysis of NH 3 , as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia using a proton conducting solid electrolyte and nickel cermet electrode

Shimoda

Kobayashi

Kimura

et al. 2017

J. Ceram. Soc. Japan

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia (NH 3 ) using a proton conducting solid electrolyte and nickel (Ni) cermet electrodes has been studied. As an electrolyte, BaCe 0.9 Y 0.1 O 3¹¤ (BCY) perovskite-type oxide was prepared by a co-precipitation method and its electrolyte pellet was synthesized by the sintering method with small amount of nickel oxide (NiO) as a sintering aid. The NiBCY cermet was employed as electrodes of anode and cathode. To evaluate the performance of this cell, electrochemical synthesis of NH 3 from dry nitrogen (N 2 ) and wet hydrogen (H 2 ) was conducted at 500°C. As a result, the maximum formation rate of NH 3 was 3.36 © 10 ¹10 mol s ¹1 cm ¹2 at the applied voltage of ¹0.2 V against open circuit voltage using the NiBCY«BCY(NiO)«NiBCY cell, and the Faradic efficiency was 0.63%. Durability test of NH 3 electrochemical synthesis from dry N 2 and wet H 2 revealed that current density of cell was relatively stable for 15 h but NH 3 formation rate was decreased slightly. In addition, using NiBCY based cell, NH 3 was successfully synthesized from dry N 2 and steam diluted argon with the applied voltage of ¹1.8 V at a rate of 2.79 © 10 ¹10 mol s ¹1 cm ¹2 and the Faradic efficiency was 0.15%. And this fabricated cell kept the high NH 3 formation rate during the long-term test at ¹2.0 V for 15 h.

show abstract

Review of electrochemical ammonia production technologies and materials

Cited by 685 publications

References 88 publications

Recent progress towards the electrosynthesis of ammonia from sustainable resources

Recent progress towards the electrosynthesis of ammonia from sustainable resources

Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia in Molten Salt Electrolyte Using Hydrogen and Nitrogen at Ambient Pressure

Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia using a proton conducting solid electrolyte and nickel cermet electrode

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About