Review of Boliden Harjavalta Nickel Smelter

Johto, Hannu; Latostenmaa, Petri; Peuraniemi, E.; Osara, Karri

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_6

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…High resource efficiency due to absence of the internally circulating slag is a great promoter of this process in the future. An update of the technology was recently given by Johto et al [6] The unusual feature of this technology is production of an iron-lean sulfide matte, typically with less than 10 wt.% Fe, and a larger slag volume compared to the conventional matte smelting. In the DON smelting process, the feed mixture is subjected to more extended iron oxidation, [8] which facilitates fluxing of MgO more efficiently compared to the conventional nickel smelting end-point.…”

Section: Features Of Don Smelting Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the DON smelting process, the feed mixture is subjected to more extended iron oxidation, [8] which facilitates fluxing of MgO more efficiently compared to the conventional nickel smelting end-point. [6] Magnesia increases viscosity and liquidus temperature of the iron silicate slag, while the higher degree of oxidation of iron and its diluting effect compensates it and allows operation of the smelting process at a lower temperature, when using the same Fe/MgO ratio in the feed mixture.…”

Section: Features Of Don Smelting Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The DON smelting technology was developed for processing sulfidic, high magnesia nickel concentrates, and showed robustness also in the processing bulk concentrates with various Ni/Cu ratios, while providing high recovery of nickel and copper, as well as PGMs and cobalt. [4][5][6]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of MgO and K2O on Slag-Nickel Matte Equilibria

Sukhomlinov

Virtanen

Latostenmaa³

et al. 2019

J. Phase Equilib. Diffus.

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Slag chemistry of the direct nickel matte smelting was studied in typical industrial high-grade nickel matte smelting conditions at 1400°C and 0.1 atm p SO2. The experimental technique used involved equilibration, quenching and direct elemental phase composition analysis by Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis. Magnesia and potassia, a typical gangue constituent of sulfidic nickel concentrates and a common impurity of industrial grade silica flux (sand), respectively, were adopted as slag modifiers in concentrations typical to industrial operations. Their effects on oxidation degree of the nickel-copper-iron matte and equilibrium concentrations of Ni and Cu in the slag were studied as a function of oxygen partial pressure. Solubility of silica in the slag increased significantly with additions of MgO and K 2 O in the constrained case studied, at silica saturation. Equilibrium concentrations of Ni and Cu in the slag containing MgO and K 2 O were about a quarter lower compared to the pure iron silicate slag, in the entire oxygen partial pressure range studied.

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Section: Features Of Don Smelting Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Features Of Don Smelting Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of MgO and K2O on Slag-Nickel Matte Equilibria

Sukhomlinov

Virtanen

Latostenmaa³

et al. 2019

J. Phase Equilib. Diffus.

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“…It also required modifications in the refinery flow sheet [3]. The current operational practices will be described elsewhere in this Conference [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fundamentals of nickel smelting are much less scrutinised than those of copper smelting [2][3][4][5]. In 1995 only limited information existed, about the fundamentals of matte-slag equilibria, when the direct nickel matte smelting was taken into industrial use, and the data on properties of trace elements at low iron concentrations in the matte below 15 wt-% Fe were non-existent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamental Process Equilibria of Base and Trace Elements in the DON Smelting of Various Nickel Concentrates

Taskinen

Avarmaa

Johto

et al. 2018

The Minerals, Metals &Amp; Materials Series

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The converter-less nickel matte smelting technology (DON) adopted more than 20 years ago in Boliden Harjavalta smelter has been since that applied successfully to the processing of large number of nickel sulphide concentrates of various Ni-to-Cu ratios and MgO contents. The operational point of the technology is far from the conventional primary nickel smelting in the smelting-converting route. Therefore, a careful scouting of distribution equilibria of the base and trace elements in the smelting conditions of DON process has been conducted, in order to obtain quantitative information about the equilibria and thermodynamic properties of the nickel mattes at low iron concentrations, less than 10 wt-% [Fe] in matte. The series of investigations has included novel experimental and analytical techniques for increasing the reliability and sensitivity of the phase equilibria as well as the element distribution observations carried out in typical high-grade nickel matte smelting conditions.

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Industrial Deportment of Minor and Trace Elements in Direct Nickel Matte Smelting

Astikainen,

Klemettinen,

Tammela

et al. 2024

JOM

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A sampling campaign was carried out at an industrial nickel flash smelter with the aim of evaluating the trace element distributions along the smelting line from raw materials to high-grade nickel matte and discard slag. The industrial technology was direct-to-nickel matte smelting without conventional Peirce–Smith converters, thus having two different nickel mattes as smelting products and feeds in the refinery: the sulfidic low-iron nickel matte from smelting furnace and the low-sulfur electric furnace matte from slag cleaning. Major and trace element concentrations were obtained from the solidified samples by electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Due to the industrial sampling environment, i.e., the slow cooling rate of the samples, not all the trace element concentrations were able to be measured at the lowest detection limits of the techniques used in some of the phases formed after cooling. However, the obtained results and element distribution coefficients were in good agreement with equilibrium values published in the literature.

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Review of Boliden Harjavalta Nickel Smelter

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

Impact of MgO and K2O on Slag-Nickel Matte Equilibria

Impact of MgO and K2O on Slag-Nickel Matte Equilibria

Fundamental Process Equilibria of Base and Trace Elements in the DON Smelting of Various Nickel Concentrates

Industrial Deportment of Minor and Trace Elements in Direct Nickel Matte Smelting

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