Fundamental Process Equilibria of Base and Trace Elements in the DON Smelting of Various Nickel Concentrates

Taskinen, Pekka; Avarmaa, Katri; Johto, Hannu; Latostenmaa, Petri

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_25

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The mechanism of the DON process is to oxidize the feed highly, thereby (i) producing low iron concentrations in the matte, while (ii) the iron oxide produced dilutes the MgO in the slag. The Boliden plant produces matte with 4-6 wt.-% Fe and 70 wt.-% NiCuCo [120,126,127]. c.…”

Section: Nickel Smeltingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Top Submerged Lance (TSL) Processing—Part II: Thermodynamics, Slag Chemistry and Plant Flowsheets

Kandalam,

Reuter,

Stelter

et al. 2023

Metals

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In Part II of this series of review papers, the reaction mechanisms, thermodynamics, slag chemistry and process flowsheets are analyzed concerning cases where the TSL bath smelter has found its application. These include the primary and secondary production routes of five non-ferrous metals (tin, copper, lead, nickel, zinc), ironmaking and two waste-processing applications (spent pot lining and municipal solid waste/related ash treatment). Thereby, chemistry and processing aspects of these processes are concisely reviewed here, allowing for clear and in-depth overview of related aspects. In contrast to Part I, the focus lies on a holistic analysis of the metallurgical processes themselves, especially the particularities induced by carrying them out in a TSL reactor rather than on the respective equipment and auxiliaries. The methodology employed per metal/application is presented briefly. Firstly, the feed type and associated statistical information are introduced, along with relevant process goals, e.g., the secondary metallurgy of copper involves the recovery of platinum group metals (PGMs) from waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Subsequently, associated chemistry is discussed, including respective chemical equations, analysis of the reaction mechanisms and phase diagrams (especially of associated slag systems); these are redrawn using FactSage 8.1 (databases used: FactPS, FToxid, FTmisc, FTsalt and FTOxCN) and validated by comparing them with the literature. Then, based on the above understanding of chemistry and thermodynamics, the flowsheets of several industrial TSL plants are introduced and discussed while providing key figures associated with process conditions and input/output streams. Finally, this article culminates by providing a concise overview of the simulation and digitization efforts on TSL technology. In light of the foregoing discourse, this paper encapsulates basic principles and operational details, specifically those pertaining to TSL bath smelting operations within the non-ferrous industry, thereby offering valuable insights intended to benefit both scholarly researchers and industry professionals.

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Section: Nickel Smeltingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Top Submerged Lance (TSL) Processing—Part II: Thermodynamics, Slag Chemistry and Plant Flowsheets

Kandalam,

Reuter,

Stelter

et al. 2023

Metals

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“…Therefore, one of the technological advantages is a lower cost of the off-gas treatment and higher efficiency of SO 2 capturing. [7] Absence of converters in the processing line and as a consequence a lower CAPEX are the key benefits, [2] compared to the conventional sulfidic nickel smelting-converting routes. High resource efficiency due to absence of the internally circulating slag is a great promoter of this process in the future.…”

Section: Features Of Don Smelting Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meanwhile, the environmental impact was decreased due to elimination of the converting step and production of strong sulfur dioxide off-gas in the flash smelting furnace, which was then fully collected and converted to sulfuric acid. [1,2] Conventional sulfidic nickel bulk concentrates have a wide compositional range. Usual concentration of nickel varies from 5 to 12 wt.%, while concentration of copper ranges from 1 to 6 wt.%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of MgO and K2O on Slag-Nickel Matte Equilibria

Sukhomlinov

Virtanen

Latostenmaa³

et al. 2019

J. Phase Equilib. Diffus.

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Slag chemistry of the direct nickel matte smelting was studied in typical industrial high-grade nickel matte smelting conditions at 1400°C and 0.1 atm p SO2. The experimental technique used involved equilibration, quenching and direct elemental phase composition analysis by Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis. Magnesia and potassia, a typical gangue constituent of sulfidic nickel concentrates and a common impurity of industrial grade silica flux (sand), respectively, were adopted as slag modifiers in concentrations typical to industrial operations. Their effects on oxidation degree of the nickel-copper-iron matte and equilibrium concentrations of Ni and Cu in the slag were studied as a function of oxygen partial pressure. Solubility of silica in the slag increased significantly with additions of MgO and K 2 O in the constrained case studied, at silica saturation. Equilibrium concentrations of Ni and Cu in the slag containing MgO and K 2 O were about a quarter lower compared to the pure iron silicate slag, in the entire oxygen partial pressure range studied.

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