Review: Miniature dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in analytical atomic spectrometry

Niu, Guanghui; Knodel, Alexander; Burhenn, Sebastian; Brandt, Sebastian; Franzke, Joachim

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.034

Cited by 57 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…They have also been used been used even more extensively as sample introduction alternatives for other spectroscopic methods that include ICPMS, AA and ICP OES. An extensive review of the DBD plasma sources and their current applications has been recently published [ 41 ].…”

Section: Requirements For Excitation Ionization Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving toward a Handheld “Plasma” Spectrometer for Elemental Analysis, Putting the Power of the Atom (Ion) in the Palm of Your Hand

Buckley

Doherty

2021

Molecules

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Many of the current innovations in instrument design have been focused on making them smaller, more rugged, and eventually field transportable. The ultimate application is obvious, carrying the instrument to the field for real time sample analysis without the need for a support laboratory. Real time data are priceless when screening either biological or environmental samples, as mitigation strategies can be initiated immediately upon the discovery that contaminant metals are present in a location they were not intended to be. Additionally, smaller “handheld” instruments generally require less sample for analysis, possibly increasing sensitivity, another advantage to instrument miniaturization. While many other instruments can be made smaller just by using available micro-technologies (e.g., eNose), shrinking an ICP-MS or AES to something someone might carry in a backpack or pocket is now closer to reality than in the past, and can be traced to its origins based on a component-by-component evaluation. While the optical and mass spectrometers continue to shrink in size, the ion/excitation source remains a challenge as a tradeoff exists between excitation capabilities and the power requirements for the plasma’s generation. Other supporting elements have only recently become small enough for transport. A systematic review of both where the plasma spectrometer started and the evolution of technologies currently available may provide the roadmap necessary to miniaturize the spectrometer. We identify criteria on a component-by-component basis that need to be addressed in designing a miniaturized device and recognize components (e.g., source) that probably require further optimization. For example, the excitation/ionization source must be energetic enough to take a metal from a solid state to its ionic state. Previously, a plasma required a radio frequency generator or high-power DC source, but excitation can now be accomplished with non-thermal (cold) plasma sources. Sample introduction, for solids, liquids, and gasses, presents challenges for all sources in a field instrument. Next, the interface between source and a mass detector usually requires pressure reduction techniques to get an ion from plasma to the spectrometer. Currently, plasma mass spectrometers are field ready but not necessarily handheld. Optical emission spectrometers are already capable of getting photons to the detector but could eventually be connected to your phone. Inert plasma gas generation is close to field ready if nitrogen generators can be miniaturized. Many of these components are already commercially available or at least have been reported in the literature. Comparisons to other “handheld” elemental analysis devices that employ XRF, LIBS, and electrochemical methods (and their limitations) demonstrate that a “cold” plasma-based spectrometer can be more than competitive. Migrating the cold plasma from an emission only source to a mass spectrometer source, would allow both analyte identification and potentially source apportionment through isotopic fingerprinting, and may be the last major hurdle to overcome. Finally, we offer a possible design to aid in making the cold plasma source more applicable to a field deployment.

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Section: Requirements For Excitation Ionization Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving toward a Handheld “Plasma” Spectrometer for Elemental Analysis, Putting the Power of the Atom (Ion) in the Palm of Your Hand

Buckley

Doherty

2021

Molecules

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“…Details of each specific set of experimental conditions can be found in [10,11,[22][23][24][34][35][36][37]. Fitting curves obtained: dash dotted line, Equation (7). Experimental data from the literature: △-negative polarity (monocone) [24]; ▲-positive polarity (monocone) [24]; × - [23]; ◇- [22]; - [36]; dashed line [37]; analytical data, Ntf ( E/N), from the literature: ■-drift-diffusion model [34]; solid dark line, kinetic model equation ( 5).…”

Section: Breakdown Voltage and Time To Breakdown In Investigated Gasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental data, present work, Ntbr (Etip/N): ○negative polarity; •-positive polarity. Fitting curves: dash dotted line, Equation (7). Experimental data from literature: △-negative polarity (point-plane) [24]; ▽-negative polarity (monocone) [24]; ▲-positive polarity (point-plane) [24]; ▼-positive polarity (monocone) [24]; ×- [23]; ◇- [22]; - [36]; dashed line [37]; analytical data, Ntf (E/N), from literature: ■-drift-diffusion model [34]; solid dark line, kinetic model Equation ( 5), Ntf as a function of E/N.…”

Section: Breakdown Voltage and Time To Breakdown In Investigated Gasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, the breakdown properties of sub-mm gas-filled gaps have received significant attention in the literature on gas discharge and breakdown. Understanding of the breakdown properties of sub-mm inter-electrode gaps is required for the optimization of miniature gas-insulated systems; for the development of novel systems such as microplasma "lab on a chip" devices [3,4]; for the detection of different chemical compounds and elements [5]; for the development of micro-hollow cathode discharge systems [6] and miniature dielectric barrier discharge devices [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Nanosecond Impulsive Breakdown Characteristics of Air, N2 and CO2 in a Sub-mm Gap

Liu

Timoshkin

Wilson

et al. 2021

Plasma

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The present paper investigates the breakdown characteristics—breakdown voltage, with breakdown occurring on the rising edge of the applied HV impulses, and time to breakdown—for gases of significance that are present in the atmosphere: air, N2 and CO2. These breakdown characteristics have been obtained in a 100 µm gap between an HV needle and plane ground electrode, when stressed with sub-µs impulses of both polarities, with a rise time up to ~50 ns. The scaling relationships between the reduced breakdown field Etip/N and the product of the gas number density and inter-electrode gap, Nd, were obtained for all tested gases over a wide range of Nd values, from ~1020 m−2 to ~1025 m−2. The breakdown field-time to breakdown characteristics obtained at different gas pressures are presented as scaling relationships of Etip/N, Nd, and Ntbr for each gas, and compared with data from the literature.

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“…Very recently, possibility of in situ hydride trapping in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma atomizer was described. 7 Despite these achievements, in situ trapping in graphite furnace atomizers is the most common and favorite approach. [8][9][10] However, in situ trapping in a tungsten tube atomizer was also described in an analogous way to graphite furnace.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultratrace determination of arsenic by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry with preconcentration on gold nanoparticles

Oliveira

Svoboda

Benada

et al. 2022

J. Anal. At. Spectrom.

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Review: Miniature dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in analytical atomic spectrometry

Cited by 57 publications

References 118 publications

Moving toward a Handheld “Plasma” Spectrometer for Elemental Analysis, Putting the Power of the Atom (Ion) in the Palm of Your Hand

Moving toward a Handheld “Plasma” Spectrometer for Elemental Analysis, Putting the Power of the Atom (Ion) in the Palm of Your Hand

The Nanosecond Impulsive Breakdown Characteristics of Air, N2 and CO2 in a Sub-mm Gap

Ultratrace determination of arsenic by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry with preconcentration on gold nanoparticles

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