Review: Marine Seismic And Side-Scan Sonar Investigations For Seabed Identification With Sonar System

Abstract

Marine seismic reflection data have been collected for decades and since the mid-to late-1980s much of this data is positioned relatively accurately. Marine geophysical acquisition of data is a very expensive process with the rates regularly ship through dozens of thousands of euros per day. Acquisition of seismic profiles has the position is determined by a DGPS system and navigation is performed by Hypack and Maxview software that also gives all the offsets for the equipment employed in the survey. Examples of some projects will be described in terms of the project goals and the geophysical equipment selected for each survey and specific geophysical systems according to with the scope of work. For amplitude side scan sonar image, and in the multi-frequency system, color, becoming a significant properties of the sea floor, the effect of which is a bully needs to be fixed. The main confounding effect is due to absorption of water; geometric spread; shape beam sonar function (combined transmit-receive sonar beam intensity as a function of tilt angle obtained in this sonar reference frame); sonar vehicle roll; form and function of the seabed backscatter (proportion incident on the seabed backscattered signal to sonar as a function of the angle of incidence relative to the sea floor); and the slope of the seabed. The different angles of view are generated by the translation of the sonar, because of the discrete steps involved by the sequential pings, the angular sampling of the bottom.

Assessment of the Positioning Accuracy of DGPS and EGNOS Systems in the Bay of Gdansk using Maritime Dynamic Measurements

“…Officially, DGPS must ensure a measurement precision (p = 0·95) of up to 10 m in a horizontal plane in accordance with a standard issued by the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) (IALA, 2004). However, in reality, DGPS systems, as has been mentioned before, enable positioning with an accuracy considerably exceeding that of unaugmented GPS, which enables its use, for example, in the location of mobile devices (Ji et al, 2015; Yoon et al, 2016), marine navigation, and in coastal navigation and in dynamic vessel positioning (Chen et al, 2009; Kim, 2014; Moore et al, 2001), in precision farming for reliable yield mapping or crop soil variability (Liu et al, 2015), in hydrography for positioning of acoustic systems (Lubis et al, 2017; Ratheesh et al, 2018; Ward et al, 2016) in autonomous vehicle positioning (Rathour et al, 2017; Ssebazza and Pan, 2015; Vetrella et al, 2016), and in studying glacier changes (Muhammad and Tian, 2015) and in, for example, dam displacements (Galan-Martin et al, 2013).…”

Methodology for Performing Territorial Sea Baseline Measurements in Selected Waterbodies of Poland

“…The DGPS system can be used as an alternative to GNSS geodetic networks. It is still, in many places, the basic positioning system used in hydrographic measurements [45][46][47][48]. Officially, the DGPS system must ensure a measurement precision (p = 0.95) of up to 10 m in a horizontal plane in accordance with a standard issued by the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) [49].…”

Bathymetric Measurements of the Vistula Smiala River Mouth with the Use of a Hydrographic Manned Vessel

“…Information on the structure of a water body is obtained by taking hydrographic surveys [5][6]. Data recorded during the depth soundings have a direct impact on the safety of navigating vessels in approach lanes and ports [7].…”