Abstract:The review includes information on the current state of knowledge of immunometric methods with emphasis on the possibility of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage detection. Beginning with basic immunoassay enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), this review describes methods such as tyramide signal amplification (TSA), enhanced polymer one-step staining (EPOS), and time resolved amplified cryptate emission (TRACE) as improvements of ELISA's developed over time to obtain more accurate results. In the second p… Show more
“…The ELISA method is to fix the SARS-CoV-2 antigen to the carrier, which is used to capture the SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibody [ 112 ]. Enzyme-labeled anti-IgM/IgG antibody is used as the secondary diagnostic antibody to construct an indirect detection system for IgM/IgG antibody, and finally, quantitatively detect the IgM/IgG antibody in the sample through enzymatic color reaction [ 113 ].…”
Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious respiratory illness that was caused by the SARS-CoV-2. It spread around the world in just a few months and became a worldwide pandemic. Quick and accurate diagnosis of infected patients is very important for controlling transmission. In addition to the commonly used Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection techniques, other diagnostic techniques are also emerging endlessly. This article reviews the current diagnostic methods for COVID-19 and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. It provides an important reference for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
“…The ELISA method is to fix the SARS-CoV-2 antigen to the carrier, which is used to capture the SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibody [ 112 ]. Enzyme-labeled anti-IgM/IgG antibody is used as the secondary diagnostic antibody to construct an indirect detection system for IgM/IgG antibody, and finally, quantitatively detect the IgM/IgG antibody in the sample through enzymatic color reaction [ 113 ].…”
Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious respiratory illness that was caused by the SARS-CoV-2. It spread around the world in just a few months and became a worldwide pandemic. Quick and accurate diagnosis of infected patients is very important for controlling transmission. In addition to the commonly used Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection techniques, other diagnostic techniques are also emerging endlessly. This article reviews the current diagnostic methods for COVID-19 and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. It provides an important reference for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
“…The different types of ELISA can be seen in Fig. 3 [25]. In Direct ELISA, the enzyme-linked antibodies bind directly to the antigens that are immobilized on a surface to produce a detectable signal.…”
COVID-19 has been declared a global pandemic which has brought the world economy and the society to a standstill. The current emphasis of testing is on detection of genetic material of SARS-CoV-2. Such tests are useful for assessing the current state of a subject: Infected or not infected. In addition to such tests, antibody testing is necessary to stratify the population into three groups: never exposed, infected, and immune. Such a stratification is necessary for safely reopening the society and remobilizing the economy. The aim of this review article is to inform the audience of the current diagnostic and surveillance technologies that are being employed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies along with their shortcomings, and to highlight microfluidic sensors and devices that show promise of being commercialized for detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in low-resource and Point-of-Care (POC) settings. Index Terms-Antibody, biosensors, chemical and biological sensors, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), protein.
I. INTRODUCTIONC OVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus; a virus closely related to the SARS virus. The disease surfaced in late 2019 in the city of Wuhan, capital of Hubei province in mainland China. According to the most recent statistics, as of October 2020, coronavirus has spread across the world, by infecting more than 38 million people and has claimed about 1,089,000 lives [1]. In the United States alone, almost 8 million cases of coronavirus have been reported and the fatalities have amounted to approximately 214,000 and these numbers keep on increasing with each
“…The enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) are the most common immunoanalytical assays that determine the concentration of antigens or antibodies in a complex mixture in which the activity of the enzyme is detected. The use of enzymes is advantageous since it uses a variety of substrates such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) that form the coloured compound of chromogen leading to the generation of signals (Boguszewska et al 2019 ). The enzymes horse radish peroxidase (HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are the most commonly used enzymes in IAs (Grange et al 2014 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 1 The different types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs): a direct, b indirect, c sandwich, and d competitive (reproduced from (Boguszewska et al 2019 )) …”
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