COVID-19 has been declared a global pandemic which has brought the world economy and the society to a standstill. The current emphasis of testing is on detection of genetic material of SARS-CoV-2. Such tests are useful for assessing the current state of a subject: Infected or not infected. In addition to such tests, antibody testing is necessary to stratify the population into three groups: never exposed, infected, and immune. Such a stratification is necessary for safely reopening the society and remobilizing the economy. The aim of this review article is to inform the audience of the current diagnostic and surveillance technologies that are being employed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies along with their shortcomings, and to highlight microfluidic sensors and devices that show promise of being commercialized for detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in low-resource and Point-of-Care (POC) settings. Index Terms-Antibody, biosensors, chemical and biological sensors, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), protein. I. INTRODUCTIONC OVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus; a virus closely related to the SARS virus. The disease surfaced in late 2019 in the city of Wuhan, capital of Hubei province in mainland China. According to the most recent statistics, as of October 2020, coronavirus has spread across the world, by infecting more than 38 million people and has claimed about 1,089,000 lives [1]. In the United States alone, almost 8 million cases of coronavirus have been reported and the fatalities have amounted to approximately 214,000 and these numbers keep on increasing with each

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Hemoglobin is a biomarker of interest for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases such as anemia, sickle cell disease, and thalassemia. In this paper, we present a disposable device that has the potential of being used in a setting for accurately quantifying hemoglobin levels in whole blood based on colorimetric analysis using a smartphone camera. Our biosensor employs a disposable microfluidic chip which is made using medical-grade tapes and filter paper on a glass slide in conjunction with a custom-made PolyDimethylSiloaxane (PDMS) micropump for enhancing capillary flow. Once the blood flows through the device, the glass slide is imaged using a smartphone equipped with a custom 3D printed attachment. The attachment has a Light Emitting Diode (LED) that functions as an independent light source to reduce the noise caused by background illumination and external light sources. We then use the RGB values obtained from the image to quantify the hemoglobin levels. We demonstrated the capability of our device for quantifying hemoglobin in Bovine Hemoglobin Powder, Frozen Beef Blood, and human blood. We present a logarithmic model that specifies the relationship between the Red channel of the RGB values and Hemoglobin concentration.

Portable smartphone-based fluorescent microscopes are becoming popular owing to their ability to provide major functionalities offered by regular benchtop microscopes at a fraction of the cost. However, smartphone-based microscopes are...

Smartphone fluorescent microscopes (SFM) offer many functional characteristics similar to their benchtop counterparts at a fraction of the cost and have been shown to work for biomarker detection in many...

This study demonstrates that retinoids are effective as chemopreventive agents in premalignant lesions of the skin, but have a very weak chemotherapeutic role in malignant neoplasms. If retinoids are given at an early stage, they can cause regression of premalignant lesions of the skin. They are best administered both orally and parenterally. These agents should be recommended as they reduce the potential effects of carcinogenesis.

Proteins are useful biomarkers for a wide range of applications such as cancer detection, discovery of vaccines, and determining exposure to viruses and pathogens. Here, we present a low-noise front-end analog circuit interface towards development of a portable readout system for the label-free sensing of proteins using Nanowell array impedance sensing with a form factor of approximately 35cm2. The electronic interface consists of a low-noise lock-in amplifier enabling reliable detection of changes in impedance as low as 0.1% and thus detection of proteins down to the picoMolar level. The sensitivity of our system is comparable to that of a commercial bench-top impedance spectroscope when using the same sensors. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the potential of using impedance sensing as a portable, low-cost, and reliable method of detecting proteins, thus inching us closer to a Point-of-Care (POC) personalized health monitoring system. We have demonstrated the utility of our system to detect antibodies at various concentrations and protein (45 pM IL-6) in PBS, however, our system has the capability to be used for assaying various biomarkers including proteins, cytokines, virus molecules and antibodies in a portable setting.

Date palm pollen (DPP) is suggested to increase the concentration of serum testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in rats. Intra-testicular testosterone (ITT) is thought to play a key role in the control of spermatogenesis but is rarely measured. We therefore planned this study to examine its effect on intra-testicular testosterone levels and serum testosterone in male albino rats. Adult rats were divided into two groups, control and experimental, with 12 rats in each. Blood samples were drawn for analysis from tail vein at day 0, 12, 24 and 35. The experimental group was given DPP suspension in a single oral dosage of 120 mg/kg daily, starting at day 1, for 35 days (dose was confirmed by a pilot study). At the end of the experimental period, the rats were dissected and the testes were removed and weighed. Testes were minced in phosphate buffer solution at a proportion of 1:10. The tissue homogenate obtained was cold centrifuged. The supernatant was taken for the estimation of ITT levels. There was a statistically significant increase in serum testosterone levels at day 24 which increased from (mean ± SD) 1.81 ± 0.05 to 2.12 ± 0.13 and from 1.82 ± 0.05 to 3.09 ± 0.22 on day 35, and ITT levels were raised from 76.48 ± 2.4 to 129.90 ± 9.66 on day 35 in experimental groups as compared to control group. The results of the present study demonstrate that date palm pollen is involved in the increased reproductive activity and serum levels of testosterone and intra-testicular testosterone.