Review Harnstoff in der Dermatologie II

Müller, K. H.; Pflugshaupt, Ch.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-83754-8_2

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…At the end of week 1, during which no washings were performed, differences were small. Gloor/Fluhr/Lehmann/Gehring/ Thieroff-Ekerdt moisturizer with high osmotic activity, urea is thought to break hydrogen bonds in the outer layers of the stratum corneum, thus dispersing epidermal keratin and exposing water binding sites [10,12]. Numerous authors have shown a vehicle-dependent hydrating effect on the horny layer of man in vivo [1][2][3][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Do Urea/Ammonium Lactate Combinations Achieve Better Skin Protection and Hydration than Either Component Alone?

Gloor

Fluhr²,

Lehmann³

et al. 2001

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Twenty subjects with healthy skin were treated with the following formulations for two weeks: drug-free W/O vehicle, 5% ammonium lactate (CAS 52003-58-4) in W/O vehicle, 5% urea (CAS 57-13-6) in W/O vehicle, 3% ammonium lactate + 3% urea in W/O vehicle, 5% ammonium lactate + 5% urea in W/O vehicle. These formulations were applied in randomized order to 6 test areas on the forearms; one area was left untreated. Repetitive washings were additionally performed in the second treatment week. TEWL, stratum corneum water content (corneometry-determined electrical capacitance), and cutaneous blood flow (laser Doppler) were measured at baseline, day 7, and day 14. 5% urea and both ammonium lactate/urea combinations produced significant stratum corneum hydration and improved stratum corneum barrier function; there were no significant differences between these three treatments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urea accounts for 7% of naturally occurring water-binding substances and is thus a major natural moisture-retaining factor [10]. Urea is hygroscopic from 70% relative humidity [11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Urea/Ammonium Lactate Combinations Achieve Better Skin Protection and Hydration than Either Component Alone?

Gloor

Fluhr²,

Lehmann³

et al. 2001

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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“…Unter den Komponenten des natürlichen Feuchthaltekomplexes ist Harnstoff einer der wichtigsten neben Pyrrolidoncarbons€ aure, freien Carbons€ auren und Aminos€ auren u. a. [20,[87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97].…”

Section: Topisches L-arginin Als Neue Therapieoptionunclassified

Pruritus and dryness of the skin in chronic kidney insufficiency and dialysis patients – a review

Durrant-Finn¹,

Osten

Mügge

et al. 2009

Wien Med Wochenschr

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The uremic pruritus is a very painful symptom suffered by chronic haemodialysis patients and is observed in 22 to 74% of the subjects. The causes of uremic pruritus have not yet been clarified. During the last 20 to 30 years it has been focused on altogether 5 different pathophysiological hypotheses: stimulating influences (e.g. calcium phosphate deposits in the epidermis), stimuli (e.g. secondary hyperparathyroidism), neuropathic injuries (e.g. disturbance of the cutaneous innervation in patients with uremic peripheral neuropathy), and central nervous changes (e.g. accumulation of endorphins in uremic patients which is associated with increasing pruritus), and immunologic conditions. The last mentioned immunological hypothesis has increasing importance, not at least based on the fact that the application of a topical calcineurin inhibitor (tacrolimus) improves the uremic pruritus. However, this fact could not be confirmed in a recent prospective placebo-controlled study from the USA. Only after kidney transplantation with a functioning transplant the uremic pruritus is stopped. That is why no causal therapy exists so far. Actually, the uremic pruritus has to be treated by topical and systemic means in a symptomatic and polypragmatic way only. Urea represents one of the most important "natural moisturizing factors" which are responsible for the hydration of the skin. It has been demonstrated that older patients have decreased urea levels within the stratum corneum of the epidermis, whereas in patients with terminal kidney insufficiency - despite dryness of the skin - as a paradox finding elevated levels of urea have been assessed in the stratum corneum. Because of this reason, the meaning of urea as part of the "natural moisturizing factors" system is not understood, until now. However, there are very promising results of clinical phase II studies showing a significant effect of topical application of 2.5% L-arginine hydrochlorid ointment - a semi-essential amino acid - on improvement of dryness and, in particular, on improvement of pruritus in haemodialysis patients.

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“…Sie kamen dabei zu der Auffassung, daß die Penetration v.a. Dabei fand sich, daß zwar die Wirkung von Irritantien durch die Anwendung von Glycerin vermindert wird, daß aber auf der anderen Seite die Wirkstoffpenetration von Hexylnicotinat verbessert wurde, obwohl eine Parallelität zwischen Hexylnicotinat-und Irritanzienpenetration zu vermuten wäre [12]. Ein weiterer Faktor, der die Wirkstoffpenetration von Indomethacin beeinflußte, war der Anstieg der Fluidität der Stratum-corneum-Lipide.…”

Section: Einfluß Auf Die Wirkstoffpenetrationunclassified

Beeinflussung der Hornschichtqualität durch glycerinhaltige Externagrundlagen

1998

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The effects of glycerol are discussed in detail. Glycerol can lead to a transition of crystalline lipid structures within the horny layer lipids into liquid crystalline states. Especially if applied in oil/water-emulsions it improves, the hydration of the horny layers better than urea. In addition, if facilitates the dissolution of desmosomes within the superior layers of the horny layer enhancing desquamation. Furthermore, by using glycerol, the mechanical properties of the skin can be influenced; long term used leads to increased elasticity. The roughness of the horny layer is reduced, which can be explained by the abrasive and/or the hydrating effect. Glycerol used in o/w-emulsions also protects against the influence of tensides or noxious lipophilic agents. Presumably a flux from the base of the epidermis towards its surface triggers the regeneration of the barrier. Finally, glycerol can lead--similarly to urea--to an improvement in active agent penetration, as has been proven for hexylnicotinate.

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Review Harnstoff in der Dermatologie II

Cited by 7 publications

References 21 publications

Do Urea/Ammonium Lactate Combinations Achieve Better Skin Protection and Hydration than Either Component Alone?

Do Urea/Ammonium Lactate Combinations Achieve Better Skin Protection and Hydration than Either Component Alone?

Pruritus and dryness of the skin in chronic kidney insufficiency and dialysis patients – a review

Beeinflussung der Hornschichtqualität durch glycerinhaltige Externagrundlagen

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