Arbitrary turning points in history such as the transition from the nineteenth to the twentieth century frequently give rise to visions of revolutionary change. Various Utopian ideologies were on the horizon 100 years ago which promised new world orders of ideal social and political reconstructions. The ideal society envisioned by Karl Marx was soon to obtain the status of a political movement. Russian Communism and European Socialism argued for fair labour practices and social welfare program that would benefit the poor by ensuring everyone had the basic human requirements of food, housing, education and health care.On another front, the eugenic implications of Darwin's theories provided a scientific rationale for ridding humankind, once and for all, of the genes that were considered to be a detriment to human progress and prosperity. Those who were thought to carry pathogenic genes that resulted in epilepsy, mental retardation, mental illnesses, criminology, homosexuality, dark skin and Jewishness could be sterilized or euthanized, thus cleansing and purifying a 'thoroughbred' population of rational, ideal, Aryan humans.Psychoanalysis was another ideology of this period -one that promised to liberate all from the noxious influences of the neurotic traditions of their parents and recidivistic cultures. Freudian theory exercised profound influences on pedagogy and established new ideals by which children should be raised. The cultural legacy of neuroticism could be overcome by psychoanalysing those already tainted, and by exercising enlightened principles by which the new generation could be raised. Psychoanalytic insights were proposed to reconstruct the damaged egos of people who suffered from mental illnesses and to liberate the underclass from their social oppression.The ideologies of this passing century were born of noble purposes and based on the authority of the academics of the time. As it turned out, the authoritarian basis of each of these great ideologies proved to be their undoing. Ideology by