Review article: Role of satiety hormones in anorexia induction by Trichothecene mycotoxins

Abstract

The trichothecenes, produced by Fusarium, contaminate animal feed and human food in all stages of production and lead to a large spectrum of adverse effects for animal and human health. An hallmark of trichothecenes toxicity is the onset of emesis followed by anorexia and food intake reduction in different animal species (mink, mice and pig). The modulation of emesis and anorexia can result from a direct action of trichothecenes in the brain or from an indirect action in the gastrointestinal tract. The direct action of trichothecenes involved specific brain areas such as nucleate tractus solitarius in the brainstem and the arcuate nuclei in the hypothalamus. Activation of these areas in the brain leads to the activation of specific neuronal populations containing anorexigenic factors (POMC and CART). The indirect action of trichothecenes in the gastrointestinal tract involved, by enteroendocrine cells, the secretion of several gut hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY) but also glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and 5hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), which transmitted signals to the brain via the gut-brain axis. This review summarizes current knowledge on the effects of trichothecenes, especially deoxynivalenol, on emesis and anorexia and discusses the mechanisms underlying trichothecenes-induced food reduction.

Baicalin-Copper Complex Modulates Gut Microbiota, Inflammatory Responses, and Hormone Secretion in DON-Challenged Piglets

“…DON crosses the blood-brain barrier and targets the hypothalamus to produce anorexia behavior, and it affects the secretion of gut hormones, such as CCK, PYY, GLP-1, and 5-HT, which target the hypothalamus via the brain-gut axis to regulate appetite [33][34][35]. DON significantly promoted the levels of GLP1, leptin, and insulin compared to the Con group in the present study, and GLP1 and leptin lead to reduced food intake [36,37].…”

“…Dietary BCU supplementation also suppressed the expression of 5-HT in the pituitary. Previous studies suggested that NPY was an important orexigenic peptide, and the orexigenic effect of NPY was associated with AGRP and POMC [33,39]. Dietary DON supplementation promoted the expression of AGRP and POMC, and suppressed the expression of NPY in the pituitary.…”

Low Doses of Mycotoxin Mixtures below EU Regulatory Limits Can Negatively Affect the Performance of Broiler Chickens: A Longitudinal Study

“…A reduction in feed efficiency of chicken with an altered intestinal structure and function was recently reported in broilers fed fusarium-contaminated diet [43]. Furthermore, mycotoxins have been shown to induce gut satiety hormones including cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-17-36 amide, resulting in anorectic response and reduced feed efficiency [48][49][50].…”

Comparative Structure–Activity Analysis of the Antimicrobial Activity, Cytotoxicity, and Mechanism of Action of the Fungal Cyclohexadepsipeptides Enniatins and Beauvericin

“…Exposure to mycotoxins leads to alterations of the health and it is referred to as mycotoxicosis [11]. Mycotoxins have been identified as etiological factors in different human diseases and are able to cause physiological alterations such as feed refusal, diminished resistance to infectious agents in animals, immunosuppression, carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, teratogenicity, as well as reproductive and developmental toxicity [5,12,13]. These effects led many countries to adopt regulations to limit mycotoxin exposure, for example in 2012, mycotoxins were the main hazard in border rejection notifications in the European Union [11].…”