Review and prospect of hidden failure: protection system and security and stability control system

Abstract

With the construction of the ''3-level, 3-verticalline, and 1-circle'' power backbone in China, it's stricter and stricter on relay protection system and security and stability control system (SSCS) for reliable power transmission. Lots of blackouts in the world had happened, one main reason for which is the hidden failures of relay protection system or SSCS. Much work had been done about the hidden failure of relay protection, including classification, probability model, analysis methods of effects on power grid, and monitoring measures, which was summarized in the paper. The operation experiences of SSCS indicated that there might be hidden failures in five links of the security and stability control device (SSCD), e.g. measuring, control strategy, setting, communication and voting pattern. In addition, the coordination hidden failure among relay protection system, SSCS, and power plant's parameters related to the power grid was pointed out for more attention. In the future, amounts of work will be expected to be conducted on hidden failure: model building, assessment methods, application of research achievements, operation management of secondary equipment, and coordination problem between the relay protection system and the SSCS.

Condition assessment of power transformers status based on moisture level using fuzzy logic techniques

“…In a power system, unplanned outages, faults, and hidden failures are difficult to track down and to model because those are obviously hidden [7]. The reliability of the power system is classified into adequacy and security.…”

Risk Assessment of Smart Substation Relay Protection System Based on Markov Model and Risk Transfer Network

“…Generally speaking, there are roughly two kinds of assessing methods. One kind is the simulation method, such as Monte Carlo simulation [10][11][12][13][14], which is mainly utilized to get reliability indices through statistical analysis and stochastic sampling of the assumed probabilistic distribution, where this kind of method is intuitive [15]. The other kind is the analytic methods, such as Markov model analysis [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], neural networks [26][27][28][29][30][31][32], fault trees [33][34][35][36][37], etc., which are typically applied to develop a probabilistic model with the information of the construction, the function, or the logic relationship of the considered object and calculate the reliability indices by iteration.…”

Long-Term Frequency Stability Assessment Based on Extended Frequency Response Model

“…With the development of renewable energy, frequency dynamic behaviors are more complex and intense, which even lead to frequency instability in extreme situations [9]- [11]. So far, frequency stability studies mostly focus on frequency dynamic response analysis, under frequency load shedding (UFLS) scheme configuration [12], and quantitative evaluation of frequency control techniques [13]- [14]. Due to the rare occurrence of frequency instability cases, most of those studies are mainly based on frequency response simulation with the methods of three categories: full-time domain numerical simulation model [15], average system frequency model (ASF) [16], and system frequency response model (SFR) [17]- [18].…”