Reversible parkinsonism and dystonia following probable mycoplasma pneumoniae infection

Kim, Jong Seung; Choi, In Suck; Lee, Myoung C.

doi:10.1002/mds.870100419

Cited by 41 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This epidemic gave rise to the belief that PD might be associated with an infectious agent such as a virus, especially Epstein Barr virus, influenza virus, coronavirus and Japanese encephalitis virus (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Since the 1980's, several additional microorganisms such as Borrelia burgdorferi, Haemophilus influenzae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Cryptococcus neoformans, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori (13)(14)(15)(16) have been postulated as agents that could be associated etiologically with PD or another kind of parkinsonism. However, these studies have been based on clinical reports and most of these have not been experimentally implicated as a cause of PD in animal models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (GAM-5) induces parkinsonian-like alterations in mouse

Díaz-Corrales

Colasante

Contreras

et al. 2004

Braz J Med Biol Res

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Parkinson's disease, a major neurodegenerative disorder in humans whose etiology is unknown, may be associated with some environmental factors. Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (GAM-5) isolated from a patient with an actinomycetoma produced signs similar to Parkinson's disease following iv injection into NMRI mice. NMRI mice were infected intravenously with a non-lethal dose of 5 x 10 6 colony forming units of N. otitidiscaviarum (GAM-5). Fourteen days after bacterial infection, most of the 60 mice injected exhibited parkinsonian features characterized by vertical head tremor, akinesia/bradykinesia, flexed posture and postural instability. There was a peak of nocardial growth in the brain during the first 24 h followed by a decrease, so that by 14 days nocardiae could no longer be cultured. At 24 h after infection, Gram staining showed nocardiae in neurons in the substantia nigra and occasionally in the brain parenchyma in the frontal and parietal cortex. At 21 days post-infection, tyrosine hydroxylase immunolabeling showed a 58% reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra, and a 35% reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase in the ventral tegmental region. Dopamine levels were reduced from 110 ± 32.5 to 58 ± 16.5 ng/mg protein (47.2% reduction) in brain from infected mice exhibiting impaired movements, whereas serotonin levels were unchanged (191 ± 44 protein in control and 175 ± 39 ng/mg protein in injected mice). At later times, intraneuronal inclusion bodies were observed in the substantia nigra. Our observations emphasize the need for further studies of the potential association between Parkinson's disease or parkinsonism-like disease and exposure to various nocardial species. Correspondence

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (GAM-5) induces parkinsonian-like alterations in mouse

Díaz-Corrales

Colasante

Contreras

et al. 2004

Braz J Med Biol Res

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“…For example, spirochetes have also been found in the brain Lewy bodies of Lyme-associated PD patients [150]. Other infections, such as viral encephalitis [151], cornavirus [152], Mycoplasma pneumoniae [153], AIDS-associated infections of the basal ganglia [154], HIV [155], among other infections, have been found in PD patients [144,149,155]. Additional research will be necessary to establish whether a causal link exists between PD and chronic infections [143,155,156].…”

Section: Parkinson's Disease (Pd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurodegenerative and Fatiguing Illnesses, Infections and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Use of Natural Supplements to Improve Mitochondrial Function.

Nicolson

Settineri

Ellithorpe³

2014

FFHD

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Background: Many chronic diseases and illnesses are associated with one or more chronic infections, dysfunction of mitochondria and reduced production of ATP. This results in fatigue and other symptoms that occur in most if not all chronic conditions and diseases.Methods: This is a review of the published literature on chronic infections in neurodegenerative diseases and fatiguing illnesses that are also typified by mitochondrial dysfunction. This contribution also reviews the use of natural supplements to enhance mitochondrial function and reduce the effects of chronic infections to improve overall function in various chronic illnesses.Results: Mitochondrial function can be enhanced by the use of various natural supplements, notably Lipid Replacement Therapy (LRT) using glyerolphospholipids and other mitochondrial supplements. In various chronic illnesses that are characterized by the presence of chronic infections, such as intracellular bacteria (Mycoplasma, Borrelia, Chlamydia and other infections) and viruses, LRT has proven useful in multiple clinical trials. For example, in clinical studies on chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia syndrome and other chronic fatiguing illnesses where a large majority of patients have chronic infections, LRT significantly reduced fatigue by 35-43% in different clinical trials and increased mitochondrial function. In clinical trials on patients with multiple intracellular bacterial infections and intractable fatigue LRT plus other mitochondrial supplements significantly decreased fatigue and improved mood and cognition.Conclusions: LRT formulations designed to improve mitochondrial function appear to be useful as non-toxic dietary supplements for reducing fatigue and restoring mitochondrial and other cellular membrane functions in patients with chronic illnesses and multiple chronic infections. BackgroundPatients with chronic neurodegenerative, neurobehavioral and fatiguing illnesses commonly test positive for systemic and central nervous system (CNS) bacterial and viral infections [1][2][3]. In addition, other chronic illnesses where neurological manifestations are routinely found, such as autoimmune diseases and other chronic illnesses and disorders, also show evidence of systemic bacterial and viral infections that could be important in disease inception, progression and/or enhancing the types and severities of signs and symptoms [2,3].Evidence of bacterial infections, such as Mycoplasma species, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi, among others, and viruses, such as human herpesvirus (HHV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpes viruses (HHV) and other viral infections, have revealed high rates of infection in the illnesses listed above that were not found in control populations [1][2][3]. Although the specific roles of chronic infections in various diseases and their pathogeneses have not been carefully determined, the data suggest that chronic bacterial and/or viral infections are common features of essentially all progressive chronic diseases [1][2][3].An...

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“…As doenças infecciosas são, na atualidade, causas raras de parkinsonismo. Kim et al 26 descreveram o caso de um menino de 7 anos que desenvolveu sintomas flu-like, seguidos de parkinsonismo associado a distonia, no qual as imagens da RM em T2 mostravam hipersinal em NB. Pradhan et al 27 , em estudo de 52 casos de encefalite japonesa, observaram que cinco apresentavam lesões isoladas de substân-cia negra à RM associadas a parkinsonismo; destes, três tiveram remissão completa do quadro após 1 ano e dois evoluíram com acentuada melhora.…”

Section: Casosunclassified

Alterações de neuroimagem no parkinsonismo: estudo de cinco casos

Costa

Gonçalves

Barbosa

et al. 2003

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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RESUMO -Apresentamos 5 casos de parkinsonismo nos quais as imagens de ressonância magnética (RM) mostram alterações em estruturas do circuito dos núcleos da base (NB). Foram estudados 5 pacientes: 3 do sexo masculino e 2 do feminino nos quais as manifestações clínicas tiveram início nas faixas estárias de 5 a 52 anos. Os exames de RM foram realizados com equipamento de 1.5T. As imagens nas sequências em T2 evidenciaram hipersinal bilateral e simétrico nas seguintes topografias: exclusivamente na substância negra (3 casos), exclusivamente no globo pálido (1 caso) e envolvendo simultaneamente a substância negra, o globo pálido e as conexões nigroestriatais (1 caso). Em três casos havia dados sugestivos de parkinsonismo secundário: um pelo herbicida glifosato; outro após vacinação anti-sarampo; outro após período de coma por encefalite. Nos dois casos restantes, o diagnóstico clínico era de doença de Parkinson (DP). Entretanto, nesses dois casos, os dados da RM permitiram excluir o diagnóstico inicial de DP. A RN foi fundamental para identificar casos de parkinsonismo secundário, embora em alguns destes pacientes não tenha sido possível determinar os agentes etiológicos.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: ressonância magnética, substância negra, parkinsonismo secundário, doença de Parkinson, núcleos da base.Neuroimaging abnormalities in parkinsonism: study of five cases Neuroimaging abnormalities in parkinsonism: study of five cases Neuroimaging abnormalities in parkinsonism: study of five cases Neuroimaging abnormalities in parkinsonism: study of five cases Neuroimaging abnormalities in parkinsonism: study of five cases ABSTRACT -We report the brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging abnormalities observed at the basal ganglia system of 5 patients (2 female and 3 male), who fulfilled the criteria of parkinsonism. The onset of parkinsonian syndrome ranged from 5 to 52 years old. All patients underwent MR exams with a 1.5T MR equipment. High field T2-weighted sequences disclosed hypersignal bilateral and symmetrically located exclusively at substantia nigra (3 cases), exclusively at globus pallidus (1case) and simultaneously at substantia nigra, globus pallidus and nigro-strital interconnections (1case). For three patients, the diagnose of secondary parkinsonism was supported by clinical data: the first had the onset of the symptoms after the exposure to an herbicide (glyphosate); the second after vaccination against measles; the third after coma due to encephalitis. For the other two patients, the onset of PS was progressive, resembling a typical idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) but the findings at the MR dimissed this initial diagnose. In this study, the contribution of neuroimaging was crucial to recognize secondary parkinsonism though the ethiological agents could not be determined in these patients.

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Reversible parkinsonism and dystonia following probable mycoplasma pneumoniae infection

Cited by 41 publications

References 18 publications

Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (GAM-5) induces parkinsonian-like alterations in mouse

Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (GAM-5) induces parkinsonian-like alterations in mouse

Neurodegenerative and Fatiguing Illnesses, Infections and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Use of Natural Supplements to Improve Mitochondrial Function.

Alterações de neuroimagem no parkinsonismo: estudo de cinco casos

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