Reversed Three-Dimensional Visible Light Indoor Positioning Utilizing Annular Receivers with Multi-Photodiodes

Xu, Yinfan; Zhao, Jiaqi; Shi, Jianyang; Chi, Nan

doi:10.3390/s16081254

Cited by 27 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In addition, they implemented a self-location estimation program using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm and conducted a positioning experiment using a fixed fish-eye camera and LED lights. The test area measured 5.4 m by 7.5 m, and the ceiling height was 3 m. The results show that the maximum horizontal error was 10 cm.Huynh and Yoo [15] proposed the use of four LEDs that transmit the tridimensional coordinates getting positioning errors below 10 cm, improving the results given in other works [13,14].Other articles (e.g., [16]) foster the development of IPS based on received signal strength (RSS) of the visible light from LEDs, using multiple photodiodes in the receivers. The results obtained show an average positioning error of 20 cm in an effective positioning range of 1.8 m. It should be noted that these systems have the handicap of SNR attenuation with greater distances and angles.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other articles (e.g., [16]) foster the development of IPS based on received signal strength (RSS) of the visible light from LEDs, using multiple photodiodes in the receivers. The results obtained show an average positioning error of 20 cm in an effective positioning range of 1.8 m. It should be noted that these systems have the handicap of SNR attenuation with greater distances and angles.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Analysis of Multiple-Access Discrimination Techniques for the Development of a PSD-Based VLP System

De-La-Llana-Calvo

Lázaro-Galilea

Gardel

et al. 2020

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There are several technologies and techniques available when developing indoor positioning systems (IPS). Recently, the development of positioning systems based on optical signals has aroused great interest, mainly those using visible light from the lighting infrastructure. In this work, we analyze which techniques give better results to lay the foundations for the development of a Visible Light Positioning system (VLP). Working only with a receiver, it is analyzed what the result of determining the position of different emitters is when they emit simultaneously and without any synchronism. The results obtained by Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) (with digital bandpass filters, I/Q demodulation, and FFT) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) are compared. The interference between signals when emitted simultaneously from multiple emitters is analyzed as well as the errors they cause and how these effects can be mitigated. As a result of the research, the advantages and disadvantages using different multiple-access determination techniques are determined. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of using FDMA and CDMA techniques as well as hardware requirements that make one more feasible than the other are presented. The system behavior, in terms of errors, is established using FDMA and different configurations such as: I/Q, RMS, or FFT. The work also determines the error rates that can be obtained with the different FDMA and CDMA configurations, considering different error scenarios and integration time. Synthetic emulations and empirical tests were performed, which concluded that IPS systems based on optical signals and PSD sensors can achieve very high measurement accuracies and a high measurement rate. Obtained positioning errors in a room of 3 m height are less than 1 cm when working in noisy environments.In indoor positioning, no technology has been imposed as the GPS has in outdoor positioning. By contrast, different techniques are complementary and cooperative, while the characteristics of the environment itself limit the use of one particular technology.Taking into consideration the intended application for which an IPS system is going to be used, power consumption, coverage, accuracy, privacy, and cost are key factors to select the technology to use [10][11][12].Our paper is related to IPS based on the optical signal. In this regard, several research works make use of LED lighting, sharing the cost of the installation for illumination. The authors of [13,14] obtained positioning data relevant to compare accuracy and precision.In [13], each LED in a lighting sends 3D space coordinates and an image sensor receives the signal. By numerical analyses, the authors showed that, when using a 1000 × 1000 pixels image sensor as receiver, the receiver's position can be measured with an accuracy error of less than 1.5 m. In [14], the authors used a high-speed complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor to receive the digitized information. The sampling frequency of the image sensor is up to 48 ...

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Multiple-Access Discrimination Techniques for the Development of a PSD-Based VLP System

De-La-Llana-Calvo

Lázaro-Galilea

Gardel

et al. 2020

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Proximity [9] 1-2 m Low Mobile phone [16] m Medium Exp-Setup, dsPIC Board [12] 4.5 m Medium MSP 430 [17] 0.01-0.48 m Low [18] 0.3-0.6 m Medium [19] 0.4 m Medium Exp-Setup, RF, LED Fingerprinting [20] 5 cm Low Exp-Setup + E4832A [21] 10 cm Medium [22] 10 cm Low [10] 15-20 cm Medium Exp-Setup, Covered [23] 10 cm Medium [24] 85 cm Medium [25] 1-2 cm Medium [26] 20-80 cm Low [27] 1.69 cm Medium [28] 7 cm Low [29] 5 cm Medium Camera, Robot [30] 5 cm High Exp-Setup [31] 1.3 cm High Exp-Setup, mobile robot [32] 10 cm Medium [33] 10 cm Medium TDoA [34] 2-5 cm High [35] 1 cm High [36] 3.9 cm Medium [37] 0.3 cm Medium [38] 2 cm High [6] -cm AoA [11] 1-2 m Medium Exp-Setup, 5331 APD [39] 0.3 m Medium Mobile phone [40] 5-30 cm High [41] 10 cm High Tripod, protractor, PC [42] 8 cm High [43] 5 cm Medium Table 1. Cont.…”

Section: Algorithm Reference Accuracy Complexity Receiver System Exp mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Boundaries for LED-Based Indoor Positioning System

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Overlap of footprints of light emitting diodes (LEDs) increases the positioning accuracy of wearable LED indoor positioning systems (IPS) but such an approach assumes that the footprint boundaries are defined. In this work, we develop a mathematical model for defining the footprint boundaries of an LED in terms of a threshold angle instead of the conventional half or full angle. To show the effect of the threshold angle, we compare how overlaps and receiver tilts affect the performance of an LED-based IPS when the optical boundary is defined at the threshold angle and at the full angle. Using experimental measurements, simulations, and theoretical analysis, the effect of the defined threshold angle is estimated. The results show that the positional time when using the newly defined threshold angle is 12 times shorter than the time when the full angle is used. When the effect of tilt is considered, the threshold angle time is 22 times shorter than the full angle positioning time. Regarding accuracy, it is shown in this work that a positioning error as low as 230 mm can be obtained. Consequently, while the IPS gives a very low positioning error, a defined threshold angle reduces delays in an overlap-based LED IPS.

show abstract

“…Other authors such as Huynh and Yoo [ 17 ] performed the positioning using more LEDs (four) at the same time, achieving positioning errors below 10 cm. In [ 18 ], the development of an IPS based on Received Signal Strength (RSS) from the LEDs was enhanced by using multiple photodiodes in the receivers. The results obtained showed an average positioning error of 20 cm over an effective positioning range of 1.8 m. Zachar et al [ 19 ] proposed systems with Infrared emitters (IRED) and IR cameras, optimized for the detection of IRED beacons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy and Precision Assessment of AoA-Based Indoor Positioning Systems Using Infrastructure Lighting and a Position-Sensitive Detector

De-La-Llana-Calvo

Salido-Monzú

Lázaro-Galilea

et al. 2020

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Unlike GNSS-based outdoor positioning, there is no technological alternative for Indoor Positioning Systems (IPSs) that generally stands out from the others. In indoor contexts, the measurement technologies and localization strategies to be used depend strongly on the application requirements and are complementary to each other. In this work, we present an optical IPS based on a Position-Sensitive Detector (PSD) and exploiting illumination infrastructure to determine the target position by Angle of Arrival (AoA) measurements. We combine the proposed IPS with different positioning strategies depending on the number of visible emitters (one, two, or more) and available prior or additional information about the scenario and target. The accuracy and precision of the proposal is assessed experimentally for the different strategies in a 2.47 m high space covering approximately 2.2 m2, using high-end geodetic equipment to establish the reference ground truth. When the orientation of the target is known from external measurements, an average positioning error of 8.2 mm is obtained using the signal received from only one emitter. Using simultaneous observations from two emitters, an average positioning error of 9.4 mm is obtained without external information when the target movement is restricted to a plane. Conversely, if four signals are available, an average positioning error of 4.9 cm is demonstrated, yielding the complete 3D pose of the target free of any prior assumption or additional measurements. In all cases, a precision (2σ) better than 5.9 mm is achieved across the complete test space for an integration time of 10 ms. The proposed system represents a prospectively useful alternative for indoor positioning applications requiring fast and reliable cm-level accuracy with moderate cost when smart illumination infrastructure is available in the environment.

show abstract

Reversed Three-Dimensional Visible Light Indoor Positioning Utilizing Annular Receivers with Multi-Photodiodes

Cited by 27 publications

References 14 publications

Analysis of Multiple-Access Discrimination Techniques for the Development of a PSD-Based VLP System

Analysis of Multiple-Access Discrimination Techniques for the Development of a PSD-Based VLP System

Optical Boundaries for LED-Based Indoor Positioning System

Accuracy and Precision Assessment of AoA-Based Indoor Positioning Systems Using Infrastructure Lighting and a Position-Sensitive Detector

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About