This paper compares performance of index modulation (IM) based OFDM to a more flexible version of OFDM, known as OFDM with multiple constellations (OFDM-MConst). To deliver the same spectral efficiency as in the IM-based OFDM, the OFDM-MConst employs different constellations in different subcarriers. The performance comparison between IM-based OFDM and OFDM-MConst is done for both cases of "no precoding" and "with precoding" of data symbols. Thanks to the multipath diversity gain achieved with precoding and enjoyed by all the information bits, the precoded-OFDM-MConst is shown to significantly outperform precoded-IM-based-OFDM systems over frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. References [1] Z. Liu, Y. Xin, and G. B. Giannakis, "Linear constellation precoding for ofdm with maximum multipath diversity and coding gains," IEEE Trans. grouping for OFDM with linear constellation precoding over multipath fading channels," IEEE Trans. Veh.
In this paper, Sphere Decoding (SD) algorithms for Spatial Modulation (SM) are developed to reduce the computational complexity of Maximum-Likelihood (ML) detectors. Two SDs specifically designed for SM are proposed and analysed in terms of Bit Error Ratio (BER) and computational complexity. Using Monte Carlo simulations and mathematical analysis, it is shown that by carefully choosing the initial radius the proposed sphere decoder algorithms offer the same BER as ML detection, with a significant reduction in the computational complexity. A tight closed form expression for the BER performance of SM-SD is derived in the paper, along with an algorithm for choosing the initial radius which provides near to optimum performance. Also, it is shown that none of the proposed SDs are always superior to the others, but the best SD to use depends on the target spectral efficiency. The computational complexity trade-off offered by the proposed solutions is studied via analysis and simulation, and is shown to validate our findings. Finally, the performance of SM-SDs are compared to Spatial Multiplexing (SMX) applying ML decoder and applying SD. It is shown that for the same spectral efficiency, SM-SD offers up to 84% reduction in complexity compared to SMX-SD, with up to 1 dB better BER performance than SMX-ML decoder.Index Terms-Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems, spatial modulation (SM), spatial multiplexing (SMX), sphere decoding (SD), large scale MIMO.
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