Reuse of municipal wastewater for different purposes based on a modular treatment concept

Abstract

Due to water scarcity and water pollution, the importance of water reuse is increasing more and more. As part of a German research programme on water reuse, the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant in the coastal region of northern Germany was used to investigate the direct treatment of tertiary effluent within the project MULTI-ReUse. A modular constructed pilot system has been operated to optimize different treatment chains producing different water qualities simultaneously. The technological focus was put on membrane technologies, namely ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO), and also biofiltration, adsorption and disinfection were part of the piloting. Beside the development of monitoring strategies for ensuring biological and chemical safe water qualities, the operational stability and the safe transport of water to the consumers were examined. The direct treatment of wastewater is a demanding task due to the lack of dilution and hydraulic retention time in the receiving water (environmental buffer). However, the multiple barrier approach guaranteed constant secure water. Fine adjustments of individual processes were particularly important. A stable operation of the UF could be realized in particular by using more or less intermitting inline coagulation as coating. The RO performance could be improved significantly by using monochloramine as disinfectant to minimize biofouling.

A Novel ceramic tubular membrane coated with a continuous graphene-TiO2 nanocomposite thin-film for CECs mitigation

“…The success of the pore preparation process in multi-layer graphene membrane derives from the ability of CS to form conformal, continuous films on arbitrary substrates and its subsequent transformation into defective doped G upon pyrolysis at 600 • C. Pyrolysis causes a profound structural change of the polysaccharide forming doped G even after physical treatment. The goal was to achieve a membrane able to reject CECs and allow the permeation of nutrients, producing a safe and nutrient-rich permeate for irrigation in agriculture [58]. For example, recent experimental investigations using a microfiltration membrane proved that physical opening methods using an electron beam or a laser could be an excellent approach to create variable-sized graphene nanopores to tune selectivity and molecular diffusivity [59].…”

Reuse of Treated Wastewater: Drivers, Regulations, Technologies, Case Studies, and Greater Chicago Area Experiences

“…It was found that polymeric materials (e.g., PE pipes) are suitable for all three types of ReUse Water. Due to the high neutral salt concentration of ReUse Waters 1 and 2, metallic items can only be used under specific network construction and service circumstances, and corrosion inhibitors may be required [104].…”

Wastewater Reuse to Mitigate the Risk of Water Shortages: An Integrated Investment Appraisal

“…A vital issue to consider when reusing wastewater is the water quality required to address specific consumers' needs. Different levels of treatment are required to supply the quality of water demanded by different consumers [21]. The desired quality of water is addressed by using different technological processes to purify the water.…”