Reuse of Eggshell Waste and Recycled Glass in the Fabrication Porous Glass–Ceramics

Abstract

This study was conducted to fabricate and characterize of glass–ceramic foam derived from soda-lime silica (SLS) glass waste and eggshell (ES) waste as a foaming agent by using empirical formula [ES] × [SLS]100−x where x = 1 wt%, 3 wt%, 6 wt%, 9 wt%. The samples undergo a heat-treatment process at temperature 800 °C with a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The properties of the samples were measured by average density measurement and linear expansion. The structural properties were studied by XRD, FESEM and FTIR concerning the different composition of the foaming agent while the mechanical properties were determined by compressive strength using UTM. The lowest density and compressive strength were achieved by 0.326 g/cm3 and 0.04 MPa, respectively with the highest linear expansion at 77.33% by the addition of 3 wt% of ES. Moreover, the cristobalite phase (SiO2) were identified after the heat treatment process. The production of foam glass–ceramics using SLS glass and ES can be applied to prepare different type of porosity that gives benefit to the environment and energy usage.

Cellular Glass Manufactured by Microwave Irradiation of Residual Glass, Eggshell and Borax

“…Approximately similar results were obtained in experiments described in the paper (Saparaddin et al, 2020). The starting material was composed of the same types of residual materials: sodalime silica glass and eggshell residues, the weight proportion of eggshell being between 1-9 %.…”

“…The eggshell as a residue provided by a food laboratory was broken and ground in a laboratory device at a granulation below 40 μm. The oxide composition of the eggshell contains 96.8 % CaCO3, 0.4 % Na2O, 0.8 % MgO and 2 % other oxides (Saparaddin et al, 2020).…”

Sintered Glass-Ceramics, Self-Glazed Materials and Foams from Metallurgical Waste Slag

“…Probably the formation of secondary pores is related to a more complex reduction process involving iron and manganese reduction. In fact, in traditional ceramics and glass-ceramics foams, such an intriguing structure was not observed [ 26 , 27 , 28 ].…”

Recycled soda lime silica glass inclusion in polytetrafluoroethylene matrix as reinforcement for microwave substrate application

“…After milling, the recycled soda lime silica powder was ground using a pestle and agate mortar to obtain finer powder and then sieved to a 63 μm particle size. The representative particle size spans a range of $${45\hskip0.17em\hskip0.17em{\rm \mu }{\rm m}\hskip0.17em\char60 \hskip0.17emX\le 63\hskip0.17em\hskip0.17em{\rm \mu }{\rm m}}$$ [36].…”

“…After milling, the recycled soda lime silica powder was ground using a pestle and agate mortar to obtain finer powder and then sieved to a 63 μm particle size. The representative particle size spans a range of 45 mm < X � 63 mm [36].…”