Reusable, Non-Invasive, and Ultrafast Radio Frequency Biosensor Based on Optimized Integrated Passive Device Fabrication Process for Quantitative Detection of Glucose Levels

Li, Yang; Yao, Zhao; Yue, Wenjing; Zhang, Chunwei; Gao, Song

doi:10.3390/s20061565

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Next, measurements with the microfluidic devices were conducted as shown in Figure 6 . RF sensors are advantageous as the response time of the RF sensors only depends on the sweep period of the vector network analyzer used for taking measurements [ 14 ]. Vector network analyzers have been reported to have short detection times: 0.85 s in [ 14 ] and less than 2 s in [ 13 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These designs, known as stepped impedance resonators (SIR), are compact, have small footprints and allow independent control of the characteristic impedance of the resonator [ 13 ]. The RF sensors are advantageous because, unlike electrochemical sensors, they do not require direct contact with the biological samples, allowing them to be reusable, reliable and not vulnerable to performance degradation with service time [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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RF Remote Blood Glucose Sensor and a Microfluidic Vascular Phantom for Sensor Validation

et al. 2021

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Diabetes has become a major health problem in society. Invasive glucometers, although precise, only provide discrete measurements at specific times and are unsuitable for long-term monitoring due to the injuries caused on skin and the prohibitive cost of disposables. Remote, continuous, self-monitoring of blood sugar levels allows for active and better management of diabetics. In this work, we present a radio frequency (RF) sensor based on a stepped impedance resonator for remote blood glucose monitoring. When placed on top of a human hand, this RF interdigital sensor allows detection of variation in blood sugar levels by monitoring the changes in the dielectric constant of the material underneath. The designed stepped impedance resonator operates at 3.528 GHz with a Q factor of 1455. A microfluidic device structure that imitates the blood veins in the human hand was fabricated in PDMS to validate that the sensor can measure changes in glucose concentrations. To test the RF sensor, glucose solutions with concentrations ranging from 0 to 240 mg/dL were injected into the fluidic channels and placed underneath the RF sensor. The shifts in the resonance frequencies of the RF sensor were measured using a network analyzer via its S11 parameters. Based on the change in resonance frequencies, the sensitivity of the biosensor was found to be 264.2 kHz/mg·dL−1 and its LOD was calculated to be 29.89 mg/dL.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RF Remote Blood Glucose Sensor and a Microfluidic Vascular Phantom for Sensor Validation

et al. 2021

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“…A reusable, non-invasive and ultrafast high-frequency biosensor was developed based on an optimized manufacturing process of an integrated passive device for quantitative glucose detection. With the aid of the novel biosensor design with hammer-shaped capacitors for carrying out detection, both the resonance frequency and magnitude of reflection coefficient can be applied to map the different glucose levels [23].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and Testing of a Suitable Compatible Electrode’s Material for Continuous Measurement of Glucose Concentration

Slaninova

Fiedorova

Selamat

et al. 2020

Sensors

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The subject of the submitted work is the proposal of electrodes for the continual measurement of the glucose concentration for the purpose of specifying further hemodynamic parameters. The proposal includes the design of the electronic measuring system, the construction of the electrodes themselves and the functionality of the entire system, verified experimentally using various electrode materials. The proposed circuit works on the basis of micro-ammeter measuring the size of the flowing electric current and the electrochemical measurement method is used for specifying the glucose concentration. The electrode system is comprised of two electrodes embedded in a silicon tube. The solution consists of the measurement with three types of materials, which are verified by using three solutions with a precisely given concentration of glucose in the form of a mixed solution and enzyme glucose oxidase. For the testing of the proposed circuit and the selection of a suitable material, the testing did not take place on measurements in whole blood. For the construction of the electrodes, the three most frequently used materials for the construction of electrodes used in clinical practice for sensing biopotentials, specifically the materials Ag/AgCl, Cu and Au, were used. The performed experiments showed that the material Ag/AgCl, which had the greatest sensitivity for the measurement even without the enzyme, was the most suitable material for the electrode. This conclusion is supported by the performed statistical analysis. On the basis of the testing, we can come to the conclusion that even if the Ag/AgCl electrode appears to be the most suitable, showing high stability, gold-plated electrodes showed stability throughout the measurement similarly to Ag/AgCl electrodes, but did not achieve the same qualities in sensitivity and readability of the measured results.

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“…Although there are few commercial microwave-based sensors, these sensors are attracting much attention due to their advantages, such as non-invasiveness, low cost, and easy fabrication. In microwave-based glucose sensors, an epsilon negative unit-cell resonator, complementary electric LC resonator, or passive components are used [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Millimeter-Wave-Based Spoof Localized Surface Plasmonic Resonator for Sensing Glucose Concentration

2021

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Glucose-monitoring sensors are necessary and have been extensively studied to prevent and control health problems caused by diabetes. Spoof localized surface plasmon (LSP) resonance sensors have been investigated for chemical sensing and biosensing. A spoof LSP has similar characteristics to an LSP in the microwave or terahertz frequency range but with certain advantages, such as a high-quality factor and improved sensitivity. In general, microwave spoof LSP resonator-based glucose sensors have been studied. In this study, a millimeter-wave-based spoof surface plasmonic resonator sensor is designed to measure glucose concentrations. The millimeter-wave-based sensor has a smaller chip size and higher sensitivity than microwave-frequency sensors. Therefore, the microfluidic channel was designed to be reusable and able to operate with a small sample volume. For alignment, a polydimethylsiloxane channel was simultaneously fabricated using a multilayer bonding film to attach the upper side of the pattern, which is concentrated in the electromagnetic field. This real-time sensor detects the glucose concentration via changes in the S11 parameter and operates at 28 GHz with an average sensitivity of 0.015669 dB/(mg/dL) within the 0–300 mg/dL range. The minimum detectable concentration and the distinguishable signal are 1 mg/dL and 0.015669 dB, respectively, from a 3.4 μL sample. The reusability and reproducibility were assessed through replicates.

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Reusable, Non-Invasive, and Ultrafast Radio Frequency Biosensor Based on Optimized Integrated Passive Device Fabrication Process for Quantitative Detection of Glucose Levels

Cited by 16 publications

References 56 publications

RF Remote Blood Glucose Sensor and a Microfluidic Vascular Phantom for Sensor Validation

RF Remote Blood Glucose Sensor and a Microfluidic Vascular Phantom for Sensor Validation

Analysis and Testing of a Suitable Compatible Electrode’s Material for Continuous Measurement of Glucose Concentration

Millimeter-Wave-Based Spoof Localized Surface Plasmonic Resonator for Sensing Glucose Concentration

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