Return of fertility after discontinuation of contraception: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Girum, Tadele; Wasie, Abebaw

doi:10.1186/s40834-018-0064-y

Cited by 71 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…37 A more recent systematic review and meta-analysis had similar findings. 38 This range overlaps with pregnancy rates reported following discontinuation of oral contraceptives or use of no contraceptive method. 39,40…”

Section: Reversibilitymentioning

confidence: 74%

Best Practices for Counseling Adolescents about the Etonogestrel Implant

Berlan

Richards

Vieira

et al. 2020

Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology

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Among young persons, ease of use, high efficacy, and high acceptability makes the etonogestrel (ENG) contraceptive implant an important choice for this age group. Adolescent-friendly, patient-centered counseling considers the patient's cognitive development, the influence of friends and family, as well as their own preferences and values. Age appropriate language, graphics and models are useful to explain contraceptive options and relevant side effects. Effectiveness, reversibility, safety, non-contraceptive benefits, and side effects are important attributes and should be discussed when teens are choosing a contraceptive method. This review describes suggested best practices for counseling adolescents about the ENG implant so they can make informed, prudent decisions about using this contraceptive method.

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Section: Reversibilitymentioning

confidence: 74%

Best Practices for Counseling Adolescents about the Etonogestrel Implant

Berlan

Richards

Vieira

et al. 2020

Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology

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“…Recent users of oral contraceptives had to have at least one menstrual bleed (CEIBA) or two menstrual bleeds (TTP) since stopping the oral contraceptives; however, for CMFS there was no restriction for time since discontinuing oral contraceptives. 9,18 All studies also required normal menstrual patterns since last use of depo-medroxy-progesterone acetate or a hormonal intra-uterine device. Women were excluded if they reported any history of infertility (on a yes/no question), surgeries that impair fertility (such as sterilisation).…”

Section: Me Thodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menstrual bleeding, cycle length, and follicular and luteal phase lengths in women without known subfertility: A pooled analysis of three cohorts

Najmabadi

Schliep

Simonsen

et al. 2020

Paediatric Perinatal Epid

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Background: There is variability between women for days of menstrual bleeding, cycle lengths, follicular phase lengths, and luteal phase lengths, related to age and parity.Objective: To describe total cycle length; anovulatory cycles; follicular and luteal phase lengths; and days and intensity of menstrual and non-menstrual bleeding in women without known subfertility over the course of 1 year.Methods: 581 women (3,324 cycles) with no known subfertility (18-40 years of age) were followed for up to 1 year. Women recorded vaginal bleeding and mucus discharge daily. We used the peak day of cervical mucus as the estimated day of ovulation and the last day of the follicular phase. We used generalised linear mixed models stratified by age and parity to describe menstrual cycle parameters. Results:The majority of women were <30 years of age (74.5%), non-Hispanic White (88.6%), and nulliparous (70.4%). The mean menses length was 6.2 (1.5) days, median 6; cycle length 30.3 (6.7) days, median 29; follicular phase length 18.5 (6.5) days, median 17; and luteal phase length 11.7 (2.8) days, median 12. Nulliparous women aged ≥30 years vs nulliparous women aged < 30 had shorter cycles (29.2 days, 95% confidence interval (CI) 27.8, 30.7 vs 31.5 days, 95% CI 30.8, 32.2) and shorter follicular phases (17.6 days, 95% CI 16.2, 18.9 vs 19.6 days, 95% CI 18.9, 20.2). Among all women, within-woman differences between the longest and shortest menses length >3 days, total cycle length >7 days, follicular phase >7 days, and luteal phase >3 days were found in 11.6%, 43.0%, 41.7%, and 58.8% of women, respectively. Conclusions:Our findings confirm variability between women of menstrual cycle parameters related to age and parity, and also highlight within-woman variability in the follicular and luteal phases. K E Y W O R D S follicular phase, luteal phase, menstrual cycle, menstruation, ovulation, peak day A commentary on this paper appears on pages 328-330 Additional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section. How to cite this article: Najmabadi S, Schliep KC, Simonsen SE, Porucznik CA, Egger MJ, Stanford JB. Menstrual bleeding, cycle length, and follicular and luteal phase lengths in women without known subfertility: A pooled analysis of three cohorts.

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“…2017; Sedlander et al. 2018; Atijosan, Adeyeye, and Ogungbayi 2019) can lead to infertility in women, despite evidence that neither reversible contraceptive methods nor safe abortions adversely impact future fertility (Girum and Wasie 2018; Vayssière et al. 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Correlates of Perceived Infertility in Ghana

Polis

Otupiri

Hindin

et al. 2020

Studies in Family Planning

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Perceived infertility is an understudied phenomenon in low‐ and middle‐income countries, where biomedical infertility can have severe consequences, particularly for women. We conducted a nationally representative survey of Ghanaian women, estimated the prevalence of and reasons for perceived infertility, and assessed factors associated with higher levels of perceived infertility using a partial proportional odds model. Among 4,070 women, 13 percent believed they were “very likely” to have difficulty getting pregnant when they wanted to, 21 percent believed this was “somewhat likely,” and 66 percent believed this was “not at all likely.” Reasons for perceived infertility varied by whether the respondent was currently seeking pregnancy. In multivariable analysis, several factors were associated with higher levels of perceived infertility, while unexpectedly, women who reported ever using contraception were less likely to report perceived infertility. Acknowledging the need to address infertility globally and understanding the role of perceived infertility are important components in supporting people's ability to decide whether and when to have children.

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Return of fertility after discontinuation of contraception: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 71 publications

References 49 publications

Best Practices for Counseling Adolescents about the Etonogestrel Implant

Best Practices for Counseling Adolescents about the Etonogestrel Implant

Menstrual bleeding, cycle length, and follicular and luteal phase lengths in women without known subfertility: A pooled analysis of three cohorts

Prevalence and Correlates of Perceived Infertility in Ghana

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