Retrospective monitoring of synthetic musk compounds in aquatic biota from German rivers and coastal areas

Rüdel, Heinz; Böhmer, W.; Schröter-Kermani, Christa

doi:10.1039/b602389b

Cited by 73 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, MX-D15 was selected as surrogate recovery standard. Another challenge is the lack of a good surrogate for household dust; therefore, the method of standard addition was used to investigate the recovery of target analytes from one pooled dust sample, as previously described by Rudel et al [10]. Preliminary results showed that the pooled sample contained high levels of OTNE, HHCB, AHTN and HHCB-lactone, but much lower levels of the other analytes.…”

Section: Methods Performance and Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, synthetic musk compounds are ubiquitous in the environment and have been found in water [3], sediments [4], indoor and outdoor air [5,6], and house dust [5,[7][8][9]. They have also been detected in biota [10] and in human biological samples, including adipose tissue [11], breast milk [12], human blood [13], maternal serum and umbilical cord blood [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of synthetic musk compounds in indoor house dust by gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry

et al. 2012

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A new method for the simultaneous determination of 11 synthetic musks and one fragrance compound in house dust was developed. The nitro musks included musk ketone (MK, 4-tert-butyl-3,5-dinitro-2,6-dimethylacetophenone), musk xylene (MX, 1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene), musk ambrette (1-tert-butyl-2-methoxy-4-methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzene) and musk moskene (1,1,3,3,5-pentamethyl-4,6-dinitroindane). The polycyclic musk compounds were 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-(γ)-2-benzopyran (HHCB), 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN), 4-acetyl-1,1-dimethyl-6-tert-butylindane, 6-acetyl-1,1,2,3,3,5-hexamethylindane, 5-acetyl-1,1,2,6-tetramethyl-3-isopropylindane, 6,7-dihydro-1,1,2,3,3-pentamethyl-4(5H)-indanon. The one macrocyclic musk was 1,4-dioxacycloheptadecane-5,17-dione. The bicyclic hydrocarbon fragrance compound (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-2,3,8,8-tetramethylnaphthalen-2yl)ethan-1-one (OTNE) and HHCB-lactone (4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-1H,3H,4H,6H,7H, 8H-indeno[5,6-c]pyran-1-one), a degradation product of HHCB, were also analysed. NIST SRM 2781 (domestic sludge) and SRM 2585 (organic contaminants in house dust) were analysed for these target compounds. The method was applied for the analysis of 49 paired samples collected using two vacuum sampling methods: a sample of fresh or "active" dust (FD) collected using a Pullman-Holt vacuum sampler, and a household dust (HD) sample taken from the participants' vacuum cleaners. Method detection limits and recoveries ranged from 12 to 48 ng/g and 54 to 117 %, respectively. AHTN, HHCB, OTNE and HHCB-lactone were detected in all samples, with median concentrations of 552, 676, 252 and 453 ng/g for FD samples, respectively; and 405, 992, 212 and 492 ng/g for HD samples, respectively. MX and MK were detected with high frequencies but with much lower concentrations. The two sampling methods produced comparable results for the target analytes. Widely scattered concentration levels were observed for target analytes from this set of 49 house dust samples, suggesting a wide variability in Canadian household exposure to synthetic musks.

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Section: Methods Performance and Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of synthetic musk compounds in indoor house dust by gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry

et al. 2012

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“…1 Concentrations of the polycyclic musk compound HHCB in bream samples as an indicator for surface water contamination from the Elbe river at Blankenese [ng/g lipid] lw=lipid weight (Rüdel et al 2006) toilet or the sink. For example, Götz and Keil (2007) reported that 43% of German consumers considered discharging unused liquid pharmaceuticals into toilets with about 16% using the toilets for the disposal of solid pharmaceutical residues (pills) (in spite of a developed disposal system established through pharmacies).…”

Section: Pharmaceuticalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and Mass Flows of Xenobiotics in Urban Water Cycles—an Overview on Current Knowledge and Data Gaps

Bester

Scholes

Wahlberg

et al. 2008

Water Air Soil Pollut: Focus

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In this study, several emerging compounds of concern in waste water are identified and discussed in relation to data available on their sources and mass flows in urban waters. In most western European situations, the highest contributions to the mass flow of xenobiotics to the urban water cycle stems from household and services applications (e.g. personal care compounds, pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones, flame retardants, fluorinated detergents etc.) as well as building and constructing environments (e.g. flame retardants, plasticizers, UV-blockers and biocides). The contribution from industrial point sources such as incineration industries e.g. coal, tar, steel and gas production (such as PAHs, PCBs, dioxins, etc.) and chemical industries are decreasing in relevance in terms of input and are hence currently of more local relevance only. In relation to identified compounds, this paper considers current data availability and its use in a range of management strategies for the mitigation or controlling of xenobiotics 'at source'. However it also identifies major knowledge gaps relating to the behaviour and fate of organic pollutants in various sectors of the urban water cycle including stormwater management, bank-and soil infiltration as well as underground and soil passage of polluted waters. It is also discussing the major sources of a range of current day urban pollutants. The paper considers the sources of emerging pollutants in a qualitative way.

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“…The lipophilic nature of both compounds (log Kow MX = 4.90; log Kow AHTN = 5.70) suggests high bioaccumulation potential for aquatic biota, leading to levels in the µg-mg/kg lipid basis range [4,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic musks fragrances in the aquatic environment:in vitrotoxicological studies of their biotransformation and potential negative effects

Focardi¹,

Torre²,

Monti³

et al. 2011

Environmental Health and Biomedicine

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the interaction of musk xylene (MX) and Tonalide (AHTN) with CYP1A by looking at gene transcription (cyp1a) and EROD activity in Poeciliopsis lucida hepatoma cell line (PLHC-1). MX and AHTN were studied individually and combined with classical inducer of CYP1A as B(a)P and PCB126. After 24h of exposure a different cytotoxicity has been observed with an LC 50 of 35.76µM for AHTN and LC 50 123.6µM for MX. After 6h of exposure to MX, a dose-dependent reduction of cyp1a was observed respect to controls. At 24h, the same pattern was observed but with slight induction at the lowest concentration (2µM) and a dose-dependent reduction at the higher concentrations. Co-exposure to MX with B(a)P did not alter cyp1a transcription levels compared to the inducer alone. After 6h AHTN determined a slight induction of cyp1a transcription reaching maximum induction of 2.3 folds respect to controls at 2µM. No modulation of cyp1a transcription was observed after 24h. Co-exposure to AHTN with B(a)P and PCB126 at 6h determined a 55% reduction of cyp1a transcription respect to inducers alone which recovered at 24h. At 24h, MX caused a dose-dependent decrease of EROD activity. No modulation of EROD activity was detectable at 6h and 24h of exposure to AHTN. Co-exposure with both MX and AHTN did not alter EROD activity induced by B(a)P and PCB126. Results suggest different toxicological properties of MX and AHTN toward CYP1A in PLHC-1. MX reduced cyp1a basal transcription but did not alter cyp1a induction by B(a)P and PCB126. This suggests that MX cellular pathway is not mediated by AhR. On the contrary AHTN did not alter significantly cyp1a basal levels but decreased cyp1a induction by B(a)P and PCB126. A potential role of AHTN as competitive antagonist of AhR could thus be hypothesized.

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Retrospective monitoring of synthetic musk compounds in aquatic biota from German rivers and coastal areas

Cited by 73 publications

References 21 publications

Determination of synthetic musk compounds in indoor house dust by gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry

Determination of synthetic musk compounds in indoor house dust by gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry

Sources and Mass Flows of Xenobiotics in Urban Water Cycles—an Overview on Current Knowledge and Data Gaps

Synthetic musks fragrances in the aquatic environment:in vitrotoxicological studies of their biotransformation and potential negative effects

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