Retrospective analysis of febrile patients reveals unnoticed epidemic of zika fever in Dielmo, Senegal, 2000

Ba, Fatim; Loucoubar, Cheikh; Faye, Ousmane; Fall, Gamou; Mbaye, Rose Nadege Penda Noelle; Sembène, Mbacké; Diallo, Mawlouth; Balde, Aissatou Toure; Sall, Amadou Alpha; Faye, Oumar

doi:10.15761/cmid.1000129

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…IgM antibodies to DENV-2 were detected in November 1988 and November 1991 in 4.6–5.7% and 0.8% of individuals examined, respectively. Authors in [ 40 ] reported a high prevalence of the Zika virus antibody during a seroprevalence study in the Dielmo area (located in the Fatick region where a DENV outbreak occurred in 2018). All these previous studies, combined with the frequent molecular detection of other dengue serotypes in Senegal [ 19 , 41 , 42 ], have stressed that there is a risk of more severe dengue outbreaks in the future, manifesting antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) as is the case for regions with serotype co-circulation [ 43 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin and Spread of the Dengue Virus Type 1, Genotype V in Senegal, 2015–2019

Dieng

Cunha

Diagne

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Dengue virus (DENV) is the most widespread arthropod-borne virus, with the number and severity of outbreaks increasing worldwide in recent decades. Dengue is caused by genetically distinct serotypes, DENV-1–4. Here, we present data on DENV-1, isolated from patients with dengue fever during an outbreak in Senegal and Mali (Western Africa) in 2015–2019, that were analyzed by sequencing the envelope (E) gene. The emergence and the dynamics of DENV-1 in Western Africa were inferred by using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. The DENV-1 grouped into a monophyletic cluster that was closely related to those from Southeast Asia. The virus appears to have been introduced directly into Medina Gounass (Suburb of Dakar), Senegal (location probability = 0.301, posterior = 0.76). The introduction of the virus in Senegal occurred around 2014 (95% HPD = 2012.88–2014.84), and subsequently, the virus moved to regions within Senegal (e.g., Louga and Fatick), causing intense outbreaks in the subsequent years. The virus appears to have been introduced in Mali (a neighboring country) after its introduction in Senegal. In conclusion, we present evidence that the outbreak caused by DENV-1 in urban environments in Senegal and Mali after 2015 was caused by a single viral introduction from Asia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin and Spread of the Dengue Virus Type 1, Genotype V in Senegal, 2015–2019

Dieng

Cunha

Diagne

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…In contrast to YFV, which has a long history of human infection in Africa [ 42 , 90 ], the African genotype ZIKV currently appears to be maintained through a sylvatic cycle, and human infections still appear to be rare. However, our own serological data from active surveillance of arboviruses in Senegal indicate that asymptomatic ZIKV infections may be more widespread than assumed [ 91 ]. If confirmed, asymptomatic or unnoticed infection could be an alternative explanation for the higher CAI values for the human genome of the African genotype ZIKV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Characteristics and Patterns of Codon Usage Evolution for the African Genotype Zika Virus

Faye

Zein

Loucoubar

et al. 2020

Viruses

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We investigated temporal trends of codon usage changes for different host species to determine their importance in Zika virus (ZIKV) evolution. Viral spillover resulting from the potential of codon adaptation to host genome was also assessed for the African genotype ZIKV in comparison to the Asian genotype. To improve our understanding on its zoonotic maintenance, we evaluated in vitro the biological properties of the African genotype ZIKV in vertebrate and mosquito cell lines. Analyses were performed in comparison to Yellow fever virus (YFV). Despite significantly lower codon adaptation index trends than YFV, ZIKV showed evident codon adaptation to vertebrate hosts, particularly for the green African monkey Chlorocebus aethiops. PCA and CAI analyses at the individual ZIKV gene level for both human and Aedes aegypti indicated a clear distinction between the two genotypes. African ZIKV isolates showed higher virulence in mosquito cells than in vertebrate cells. Their higher replication in mosquito cells than African YFV confirmed the role of mosquitoes in the natural maintenance of the African genotype ZIKV. An analysis of individual strain growth characteristics indicated that the widely used reference strain MR766 replicates poorly in comparison to African ZIKV isolates. The recombinant African Zika virus strain ArD128000*E/NS5 may be a good model to include in studies on the mechanism of host tropism, as it cannot replicate in the tested vertebrate cell line.

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“…In addition, the presence of DENV, YFV, RVFV, CHIKV, and ZIKV IgM in samples was assessed by a capture ELISA (MAC ELISA), following a published protocol. 15 RNA extracts from nasopharyngeal swabs were subjected to detection of respiratory viruses using a two-step real-time multiplex RT-PCR using Anyplex RV16 (Seegene) following the published protocol 16 performed on the Bio-Rad CFX-96 thermocycler (Bio-Rad Laboratories). In brief, we used multiplex PCR targeting 16 respiratory virus distributed across two panels (A and B): Adenoviruses, Influenza (A and B), Parainfluenza virus (1, 2, 3, and 4), and Rhinoviruses (A, B, and C) on panel A; and Respiratory syncytial viruses (A and B), Bocavirus, Metapneumovirus, Enterovirus, and Coronavirus (229E, NL63, and OC43) on panel B.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Pathogens Potentially Associated with Non-Malarial Fever in Children: A Pilot Study in Peri-Urban Dakar, Senegal

Boris

Dieng

Louise

et al. 2021

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Fever is one of the most common reasons for pediatric consultation in Africa. Malaria incidence has now dropped considerably, yet etiologies of non-malarial febrile diseases are poorly documented. This pilot study aimed to 1) identify pathogens potentially associated with non-malarial fever in children younger than 10 years in the suburbs of Dakar and 2) describe the epidemiological characteristics of these patients. During the study period, all eligible children (< 10 years of age, body temperature ≥ 38°C, negative result for the malaria rapid diagnostic test, living in Guediawaye/Pikine for the previous four calendar months, not receiving any anti-infectious treatment since the onset of fever, and with parent’s consent to participate) presenting to the health post in Medina Gounass located in Guediawaye on Mondays and Fridays were included. In total, 106 children participated in the study, and PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs, hemoculture, C-reactive protein, blood cell counts, and quantitative buffy coat from blood samples and coproculture from stool samples were performed. In 70 (66%) children, at least one pathogen was isolated. Viruses were identified in 55 children, most commonly enteroviruses, rhinoviruses, and adenoviruses, and dengue virus was identified in three children. Only five children had bacterial infections, and 10 had bacterial and viral coinfections. Ninety-seven children (92%) received prescription for antibiotics. Many strains of bacteria were found to be resistant to several antibiotics. Despite limitations, this pilot study showed that pathogens potentially associated with non-malarial fever in children younger than 10 years near Dakar were predominantly viruses, most commonly upper respiratory infections, although bacteria accounted for a small proportion.

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Retrospective analysis of febrile patients reveals unnoticed epidemic of zika fever in Dielmo, Senegal, 2000

Abstract: Background: In Africa, recent malaria controls unveiled a large proportion of febrile illnesses of unknown origin. Few studies have been undertaken to identify these pathogens.

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

Origin and Spread of the Dengue Virus Type 1, Genotype V in Senegal, 2015–2019

Origin and Spread of the Dengue Virus Type 1, Genotype V in Senegal, 2015–2019

Biological Characteristics and Patterns of Codon Usage Evolution for the African Genotype Zika Virus

Identification of Pathogens Potentially Associated with Non-Malarial Fever in Children: A Pilot Study in Peri-Urban Dakar, Senegal

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