Retronasal olfactory function in patients with smell loss but subjectively normal flavor perception

Liu, David T.; Besser, Gerold; Renner, Bertold; Seyferth, Stefan; Hummel, Thomas; Mueller, Christian A.

doi:10.1002/lary.28258

Cited by 36 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Retronasal olfactory function was tested using the Candy Smell Test (CST) [21,22]. Originally validated in a 23-item version [21], we applied a 27-item version in all subjects [15,23]. For this version, less-identifiable aromas of the original items [21] were removed (three aromas: passion fruit, strawberry and kiwi) and others introduced (seven aromas, see Table 1.)…”

Section: Olfactory Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body-Mass-Index Associated Differences in Ortho- and Retronasal Olfactory Function and the Individual Significance of Olfaction in Health and Disease

Besser

Erlacher

Aydınkoç-Tuzcu

et al. 2020

JCM

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Odor (including flavor) perception plays a major role in dietary behavior. Orthonasal olfactory function (OOF) has been shown to decrease in obese subjects. Changes in retronasal olfactory function (ROF) after weight loss and in the individual significance of olfaction (ISO) in obesity are yet to be investigated. Firstly, 15 obese subjects were recruited in a pilot study and supported to conventionally lose weight. OOF (Sniffin’ Sticks) was measured at the beginning and after 5.6 ± 1.3 months. Eleven subjects re-visited but barely lost weight and no major changes in OOF were observed. Secondly, the body-mass-index (BMI), OOF, and ROF (Candy Smell Test, CST) were recorded in subjectively olfactory-healthy subjects (SOHSs) and additionally the ISO questionnaire was collected in patients with olfactory dysfunction (OD). BMI correlated significantly negatively with odor discrimination (p = 0.00004) in 74 SOHSs and negatively with CST (p < 0.0001) in 66 SOHSs. In 48 SOHSs, there was a gender difference in ISO scores (p = 0.034), but no significant correlation with BMI was found (p > 0.05). ISO scores were significantly higher in 52 OD patients in comparison to SOHSs (p = 0.0382). Not only OOF but also ROF may decline with higher BMI. ISO does not seem to alter with BMI, but olfaction becomes more important once it is consciously impaired.

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Section: Olfactory Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body-Mass-Index Associated Differences in Ortho- and Retronasal Olfactory Function and the Individual Significance of Olfaction in Health and Disease

Besser

Erlacher

Aydınkoç-Tuzcu

et al. 2020

JCM

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“…Olfaction plays a critical role in various aspects of daily life so olfactory dysfunction (OD) results in a significant loss of information, such as sensory stimulation and environmental cues (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual importance of olfaction decreases with duration of smell loss

Liu¹,

Besser²,

Prem³

et al. 2020

Rhin

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Background: The personal importance of a lost neurologic-motor or sensory-function in several conditions has been shown to decrease as the afflicted patient becomes accustomed to not having that function. It is unknown how the importance of olfaction changes with duration of olfactory dysfunction (OD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between duration of smell loss and individual significance of olfaction, and whether this relationship would be modulated by other factors, such as etiology of smell loss. Methods: This is a retrospective study including a total 163 subjects with different degrees of olfactory function. Individual significance of olfaction was measured using the Importance of Olfaction Questionnaire (IOQ). Demographics, olfactory function, duration and etiology of OD were evaluated. Group comparisons, bivariate correlations, analyses of variance and multivariate linear regression were applied to detect differences and associations with the outcome measure of IOQ. Results: A significant negative correlation was found between duration of OD and the IOQ. Other important findings include a significantly higher IOQ in patients with posttraumatic-compared to idiopathic OD and in patients with higher aggravation scores compared to the lower aggravation group. Multivariate regression analysis further confirmed that duration of smell loss was independently associated with IOQ. Conclusions: The duration of smell loss is negatively correlated with the individual importance of olfaction, suggesting that patients develop coping mechanisms for adjusting to OD.

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“…16 Nevertheless, two recent studies show a strong correlation between orthonasal and retronasal measurements in chronic rhinosinusitis, 23,24 although patients with anosmia were shown to identify certain retronasal odors more often than expected. 24 On the other hand, Liu et al found patients with non-sinogenic orthonasal smell deficit claiming normal flavor perception, to be also retronasaly dysosmic 17 ; therefore, being unaware of their retronasal deficit. They postulated that self-reports of flavor perception are unreliable and offered as an explaining mechanism memory retrieving of flavor patterns from previous experiences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Olfactory Disorder With and Without Reported Flavor Loss

Negoiaș

Meves²,

Zang³

et al. 2020

The Laryngoscope

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Objectives/Hypothesis: Quality of life related to olfactory disorder (OD) depends on the perceived impairment. It is not known why some patients with OD report smell and flavor loss while others report smell loss only. In order to understand this, we compared the two clinical presentation forms in terms of demographics, clinical features, and orthonasal olfaction test results. Study Design: Observational, analytic, cross-sectional study. Methods: A total of 401 patients with measured orthonasal OD presenting at a tertiary referral center were divided in 2 groups according to their subjective reports (smell loss only = 129 patients vs. smell and flavor loss = 272 patients). Groups were compared in terms of demographic (age, sex), clinical features (duration of disease, type of onset, etiology, degree of impairment due to the disorder) and test results (taste and orthonasal olfaction). Results: Groups did not differ in terms of age, sex distribution, orthonasal olfactory, or taste function. Patients reporting smell and flavor loss were characterized by a mainly sudden onset of the disorder and a predominance of postinfectious olfactory loss. They also have a shorter disease duration and a higher disease impairment. For patients reporting smell loss only, disease duration is longer, they feel less impaired, the onset of the disorder is to a higher degree protracted and the main cause is idiopathic. Conclusions: Patients with orthonasal OD reporting smell and flavor loss feel more impaired and present significant different clinical features compared to patients reporting smell loss only. Future studies measuring retronasal olfaction are necessary to fully understand flavor perception in OD.

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Retronasal olfactory function in patients with smell loss but subjectively normal flavor perception

Cited by 36 publications

References 37 publications

Body-Mass-Index Associated Differences in Ortho- and Retronasal Olfactory Function and the Individual Significance of Olfaction in Health and Disease

Body-Mass-Index Associated Differences in Ortho- and Retronasal Olfactory Function and the Individual Significance of Olfaction in Health and Disease

Individual importance of olfaction decreases with duration of smell loss

Characteristics of Olfactory Disorder With and Without Reported Flavor Loss

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