Retrograde amnesia: A study of its relation to anterograde amnesia and semantic memory deficits

Schmidtke, Klaus; Vollmer, Heike

doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(96)00109-1

Cited by 52 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The older and more popular perspective is that the MTL has a time-limited participation in the consolidation process (Alvarez & Squire, 1994;Dudai, 1996;Halgren, 1984;Knowlton & Fanselow, 1998;McGaugh, 2000;Milner, 1972;Murre, 1996;Schmidtke & Vollmer, 1997;Squire, 1987;Squire & Alvarez, 1995;Squire, Knowlton, & Musen, 1993;Teyler & DiScenna, 1986;Treves & Rolls, 1994;Wickelgren, 1979), although researchers differ on whether the MTL acts simply as a cortical arousal agent (Wickelgren, 1979), provides an index (pointers) to guide the formation and maintenance of interconnections among information storage sites in the cortex (Teyler & DiScenna, 1986), or contains a complete copy of the memory which is gradually duplicated in various cortical locations (Alvarez & Squire, 1994;Halgren, 1984;McClelland,McNaughton, & O'Reilly, 1995;Treves & Rolls, 1994). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consolidation theory and retrograde amnesia in humans

Brown

2002

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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Recent research on the cognitive dysfunctions experienced by human anmesic patients indicates that very long term (multidecade) changes may occur in memory. Flat retrograde amnesia (RA), consisting of a uniform memory deficit for information from all preamnesia time periods, indicates a simple, monolithic retrieval problem, whereas graded RA, with greater memory deficits for information from recent as opposed to remote time periods, suggests the presence of a gradual long-term encoding, or consolidation, process. An evaluation of 247 outcomes from 61 articles provides strong evidence of graded RA across different cerebral injuries, materials, and test procedures, as well as in measures of both absolute and relative (patient vs. control) performance. Future conceptualizationsof human memory should address the possibility that memories increase in resistanceto forgetting, or reduction in trace fragility, across many decades. THEORETICAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consolidation theory and retrograde amnesia in humans

Brown

2002

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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“…Longterm memories are gradually reorganized and stabilized so that after a period of time, these memories can be retrieved independently of the medial temporal lobe memory system (Squire and ZolaMorgan 1991). Evidence that this process occurs within long-term memory comes from the finding of temporally graded retrograde amnesia covering several years in patients with anterograde amnesia (Hodges 1984;Squire et al 1989;Rempel-Clower et al 1996;Schmidtke and Vollmer 1997) and from prospective studies of retrograde amnesia covering many days or weeks in experimental animals (Winocur 1990;Zola-Morgan and Squire 1990;Kim and Fanselow 1992;Cho et al 1993;Kim et al 1995;Cho and Kesner 1996;Wing et al 1996). These studies indicate that medial temporal lobe structures are critically involved in the initial storage and retrieval of declarative memories.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaction time distributions across normal forgetting: searching for markers of memory consolidation.

1997

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Volunteers studied pictures of objects and were then tested for yes/no recognition at 10 miD and 1 week after learning (experiment 1), or at 10 miD and 4 months after learning (experiment 2). Because the gradual consolidation of long-term memory is thought to occur across this time scale (weeks and months), the reaction time distributions of successfully retrieved items were analyzed in an attempt to detect markers of consolidation. At each retention interval, reaction times for items retrieved successfully were well fit by a model that assumed a single underlying distribution. No evidence for a bimodal distribution of reaction times was observed. Furthermore, there was no evidence that some small subset of items was actually retrieved faster after a long retention interval than after a short interval. The results are consistent with the idea that consolidation works not to increase memory trace strength but to change the nature of memory storage. This process occurs during the course of normal forgetting and may not be observable in the behavior of normal memory.

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“…Anterograde and retrograde amnesia are partially correlated, with the correlation varying from one patient group to the next (Kopelman, Wilson, & Baddeley, 1989;Russel & Nathan, 1946;Shimamura & Squire, 1986). Indices of anterograde amnesia correlate more with retrograde amnesia for the periods right before the lesion than with retrograde amnesia for more remote periods (Schmidtke & Vollmer, 1997).…”

Section: Neuropsychological Data To Be Explainedmentioning

confidence: 96%

Tracelink: A model of consolidation and amnesia

Meeter

Murre

2005

Cognitive Neuropsychology

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A connectionist model is presented, the TraceLink model, that implements an autonomous "off-line" consolidation process. The model consists of three subsystems: (1) a trace system (neocortex), (2) a link system (hippocampus and adjacent regions), and (3) a modulatory system (basal forebrain and other areas). The model is able to account for many of the characteristics of anterograde and retrograde amnesia, including Ribot gradients, transient global amnesia, patterns of shrinkage of retrograde amnesia, and correlations between anterograde and retrograde amnesia or the absence thereof (e.g., in isolated retrograde amnesia). In addition, it produces normal forgetting curves and can exhibit permastore. It also offers an explanation for the advantages of learning under high arousal for long-term retention.

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Retrograde amnesia: A study of its relation to anterograde amnesia and semantic memory deficits

Cited by 52 publications

References 65 publications

Consolidation theory and retrograde amnesia in humans

Consolidation theory and retrograde amnesia in humans

Reaction time distributions across normal forgetting: searching for markers of memory consolidation.

Tracelink: A model of consolidation and amnesia

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