Retrieval of information from subjectively organized lists.

Franklin, Patricia E.; Okada, Ronald; Burrows, David; Friendly, Michael

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.6.6.732

Cited by 3 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…The null effect of number of chunks for both correct rejections and hits is inconsistent with Franklin et al (1980). If subjects were scanning the chunks as units, RT should have increased with number of chunks.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…However, chunk lag is negatively correlated with chunk size: Tests of the same chunk are more widely spaced for small than large chunks, so that the RTs for items from small chunks may be inflated. The same confounding exists in Franklin et al’s (1980) experiments. Therefore, it is still possible that RT increases with chunk size for noncategorized lists.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Although the effect is demonstrated only with categorized materials, it may also occur with other types of organization. Confoundings render the only evidence against this position (Franklin et al, 1980) inconclusive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The subset-size effect obtained with categorized lists may not be an appropriate basis for a general model describing how list organization is used in recognition; comparable effects must be demonstrated with other types of list organization. Franklin, Okada, Burrows, and Friendly (1980) allowed subjects to impose their own subjective organizations on lists of randomly selected words. Recognition RT increased with the number of chunks used by the subjects but was unaffected by chunk (i.e., subset) size.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of list organization on item recognition.

Johns¹

1985

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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The effects of list organization on recognition decisions were studied in four experiments. Subjects memorized supraspan word lists which had been organized either into arbitrarily determined subsets or into subsets based on taxonomic categories. Subjects responded to a series of yes-no recognition probes for each list. The latency of response (RT) was reduced when a probe came from the same subset as the preceding probe; the relevant subset appears to be activated in the recognition process. RTs did not vary with the number of subsets comprising the study list; this result discredits models that posit scanning of the subsets as units. With categorized lists, RTs for both old and new probes increased with the size of the relevant studied subset. The slope of the RT function for old items was affected by the number of distractors from the studied categories. The overall pattern of results cannot be accommodated by existing search models, but the data may be compatible with a model in which associations to the probe item are examined for evidence of list membership.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of list organization on item recognition.

Johns¹

1985

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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“…The nonlinearity of the set-size function is one impediment. Following Franklin et al (1980) it could be argued that for subspan memory sets the subjects scanned individual items, but for supraspan memory sets the subjects 'chunked' the memory sets and scanned the chunks. However, the reaction time distribution analysis showed that both mu and tau increased as a function of set size.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tests of serial scanning in item recognition.

Hockley¹,

Corballis²

1982

Canadian Journal of Psychology / Revue canadienne de psychologi

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We report two experiments designed to bear critically on Sternberg's (1966) theory that human subjects scan a memorized set of items serially and exhaustively in order to determine whether or not it contains a given probe item. In each experiment, subjects memorized sets of 2,4,6,8, 12, and 16 items, and after memorizing each set were presented with a series of 96 probes for that set. Although mean reaction times increased with set size in a manner largely consistent with serial scanning, analysis of reaction-time distributions showed that the effect of increasing set size was mainly to increase the positive skew of the distribution rather than to shift the distribution as a whole. The slope of the function relating mean reaction time to set size was influenced by repetition of negative probes in the series of probes (Experiment I), and was higher when a probe was a two-syllable non-noun that when it was a one-syllable noun (Experiment II). The latter effect was independent of whether the sets consisted wholly of nouns or of non-nouns, or whether they were mixtures of the two. The only serial-scanning model that can be reconciled with these findings is one in which subjects scan on only a proportion of trials. The data are also generally consistent with Ratcliff's (1978) theory, which assumes parallel search through items in memory. RESUME Compte rendu de deux experiences mettant en cause la theorie de Sternberg (1966) selon laquelle les sujets humains precedent par balayage seriel et exhaustif d'un ensemble memorise d'items pour determiner s'il contient ou non un item-sonde donne. Dans les deux experiences, les sujets doivent memoriser des ensembles 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, et 16 items et, apres avoir memorise chacun, doivent reagir a une serie de 96 items-sonde pour chaque ensemble. Meme si le temps de reaction moyen augmente avec la dimension des ensembles d'une maniere consistante avec I'hypothese d'un balayage seriel, I'analyse des distributions des temps de reaction montre que I'effet du a I'augmentation de la dimension des ensembles est principalement d'accrottre I'asymetrie positive de la distribution plutot que de modifier la distribution dans sa totalite. La pente de la fonction reliant le temps de reaction moyen a la dimension des ensembles est influencee par la repetition d'items-sonde negatifs (experience I) et est plus accusee quand I'item-sonde est un non-nom de deux syllabes que lorsqu'il s'agit d'un nom d'une syllabe (experience II); ceci, que les ensembles soient composes de noms, de non-noms ou d'un melange des deux. Le seul modele de balayage seriel qui puisse etre concilie avec ces donnees est celui dans lequel les sujets effectueraient un balayage sur une partie des essais seulement. Dans I'ensemble, les donnees sont egalement compatibles avec la theorie de Ratcliff (1978) selon laquelle il existe une recherche parallele des items en memoire.

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The Toronto Word Pool: Norms for imagery, concreteness, orthographic variables, and grammatical usage for 1,080 words

Friendly

Franklin

Hoffman

et al. 1982

Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation

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333

253

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Imagery and concreteness norms and percentage noun usage were obtained on the 1,080 verbal items from the Toronto Word Pool. Imagery was defined as the rated ease with which a word aroused a mental image, and concreteness was defined in relation to level of abstraction. The degree to which a word was functionally a noun was estimated in a sentence generation task. The mean and standard deviation of the imagery and concreteness ratings for each item are reported together with letter and printed frequency counts for the words and indications of sex differences in the ratings. Additional data in the norms include a grammatical function code derived from dictionary definitions, a percent noun judgment, indexes of statistical approximation to English, and an orthographic neighbor ratio. Validity estimates for the imagery and concreteness ratings are derived from comparisons with scale values drawn from the Paivio, Yuille, and Madigan (1968) noun pool and the Toglia and Battig (1978) norms.The Toronto Word Pool (TWP) is a collection of 1,080 common English words originally selected from the Thorndike-Lorge (1944) word counts (see Murdock, 1968Murdock, , 1974. This pool has been used for some time in a number of laboratories in verbal learning, memory, and psycholinguistics studies, although normative data on the items have never been collected.In experiments that require random selection of a number of lists in order to exclude list-specific effects or to assure sufficient sampling of materials, it is particularly useful to have normative data available. Thus, information on item frequency allows lists to be matched or balanced on this variable. Similarly, if a moderate

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Retrieval of information from subjectively organized lists.

Cited by 3 publications

References 20 publications

Effects of list organization on item recognition.

Effects of list organization on item recognition.

Tests of serial scanning in item recognition.

The Toronto Word Pool: Norms for imagery, concreteness, orthographic variables, and grammatical usage for 1,080 words

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