The Toronto Word Pool: Norms for imagery, concreteness, orthographic variables, and grammatical usage for 1,080 words

Friendly, Michael; Franklin, Patricia E.; Hoffman, David; Rubin, David C.

doi:10.3758/bf03203275

Cited by 335 publications

(269 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Results showed no significant effects of age, gender or education level on imageability or frequency ratings (Table 2). Our results are consistent with previous research that failed to find gender bias in imageability ratings, including one study of 1,599 Norwegian words (56% nouns, 30% verbs and 14% adjectives) , a study involving 244 Spanish words (Campos, 1990), and a study involving 1,080 English words (Friendly et al, 1982). On the other hand, our results contrast with two studies demonstrating that women rate imageability significantly higher than men do; one of those studies involved 1,046 words randomly chosen from the Oxford English Dictionary (Benjafield & Muckenheim, 1989), and the other study involved 4,905 Polish words (Imbir, 2016).…”

Section: Relationship Of Imageability and Frequency To Rater Gender supporting

confidence: 82%

Imageability and subjective frequency of the 500 rated nouns in the Croatian Lexical Database

Kraljević¹,

Olujić²

2018

suvlin

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Imageability and subjective frequency of the 500 rated nouns in the Croatian Lexical DatabaseProperties such as word class, length, phonological and morphological complexity, concreteness, frequency, age of acquisition, and imageability have to be controlled in research and clinical practice, since they strongly affect the speed and accuracy of language processing by monolinguals and bilinguals as well as by speakers with language disorders. The purpose of this paper is to present the online Croatian Lexical Database (Cro. Hrvatska leksi~ka baza [HLB], http://polin-hlb.erf.hr/) that contains different (psycho)linguistic word properties, and to use the HLB to provide the first analyses about (1) the relationship between frequency and imageability for the rated 500 nouns, and (2) the influence of raters' age, gender and education on their judgement. The results indicate a significant positive correlation between noun frequency and imageability, but no significant influence of the three non-linguistic rater factors on judgements about (psycho)linguistic property.

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Section: Relationship Of Imageability and Frequency To Rater Gender supporting

confidence: 82%

Imageability and subjective frequency of the 500 rated nouns in the Croatian Lexical Database

Kraljević¹,

Olujić²

2018

suvlin

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“…To our knowledge, there are no large collections of concreteness ratings, but imageability norms were collected by Van Loon-Vervoorn (1985) for 6,100 words. The correlations between concreteness and imageability reported in the literature range from 0.78 to 0.85 (Friendly, Franklin, Hoffmann, & Rubin, 1982;Gilhooly & Logie, 1980;Paivio, Yuille, & Madigan, 1968).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Norms of age of acquisition and concreteness for 30,000 Dutch words

Brysbaert¹,

Stevens²,

Deyne³

et al. 2014

Acta Psychologica

161

142

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oWord processing studies increasingly make use of regression analyses based on large numbers of stimuli (the socalled megastudy approach) rather than experimental designs based on small factorial designs. This requires the availability of word features for many words. Following similar studies in English, we present and validate ratings of age of acquisition and concreteness for 30,000 Dutch words. These include nearly all lemmas language researchers are likely to be interested in. The ratings are freely available for research purposes.

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“…Experiment 1 used words from the Toronto word pool (Friendly et al, 1982), but many of these words are disyllabic, and we thought that we might maximise the chance of observing participants' rehearsals if common monosyllabic words were used. Finally, the words were presented visually (without AS) and the participants were required to read aloud each word as it was presented.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The materials consisted of a subset of 528 words that were randomly selected for each participant from the 1,000 words of the Toronto Word Pool (Friendly, Franklin, Hoffman & Rubin, 1982). The words were presented visually in 52-point Times New…”

Section: Materials and Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of rehearsal on the output order of immediate free recall of short and long lists.

Grenfell-Essam

Ward

Tan

2013

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Participants tend to initiate immediate free recall (IFR) of short lists of words with the very first word on the list. Three experiments examined whether rehearsal is necessary for this recent finding. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with lists of between 2 and 12 words for IFR at a fast, medium, or slow rate, with and without articulatory suppression (AS). The tendency to initiate output with the first item for short lists (1) did not change greatly when presentation rate was increased from a medium to a fast rate under normal conditions, (2) was reduced but not eliminated by AS, and (3) was maintained at slower rates when rehearsal was allowed, but decreased at slower rates when rehearsal was prevented. In Experiment 2, the overt rehearsal methodology was used, and the tendency to initiate output with the first item for short lists was present even in the absence of overt rehearsal. Experiment 3 re-examined IFR under normal encoding conditions and replicated the main findings from the normal encoding conditions of Experiment 1 whilst using the presentation rates and list lengths of Experiment 2. We argue that rehearsal is not strictly necessary for the tendency to initiate recall with the first item under normal conditions, but rehearsal nevertheless contributes to this effect at slower rates. wordsKeywords: free recall, rehearsal, short-term memory, output order, list length 3 In the immediate free recall (IFR) task, participants are presented with a series of unrelated words, and at the end of the list they must try to recall as many of the list items as they can, in any order that they wish. When lists of around 10-40 words are presented, participants recall a greater proportion of the first few list items (an advantage known as the primacy effect), and a greater proportion of the last few list items (an advantage known as the recency effect), relative to the recall of the middle list items (e.g., Murdock, 1962;Roberts, 1972).Explanations of the recency effect are central to theories of IFR. Unitary accounts of IFR, which assume that the same memory processes are responsible for recall performance throughout the list, propose that later list items benefit from being more temporally distinct (e.g., Brown, Neath & Chater, 2007;Glenberg & Swanson, 1986), or benefit from greater contextual overlap between the context associated with the recency items and the context associated with the end of the list (e.g., Glenberg et al., 1980;Howard & Kahana, 2002;Polyn, Norman, & Kahana, 2009;Sederberg, Howard & Kahana, 2008;Tan & Ward, 2000). These accounts are well placed to explain the magnitude of recency effects across a range of inter-stimulus intervals and retention intervals (e.g., Baddeley & Hitch, 1977;Bjork & Whitten, 1974;Crowder, 1993;Nairne, Neath, Serra, & Byun, 1997).The recency effect in IFR was also central to early dual-store accounts of IFR. These accounts assumed that the recency effect reflected the direct output of the later list items from a limited-capacity short-term store (e...

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The Toronto Word Pool: Norms for imagery, concreteness, orthographic variables, and grammatical usage for 1,080 words

Cited by 335 publications

References 27 publications

Imageability and subjective frequency of the 500 rated nouns in the Croatian Lexical Database

Imageability and subjective frequency of the 500 rated nouns in the Croatian Lexical Database

Norms of age of acquisition and concreteness for 30,000 Dutch words

The role of rehearsal on the output order of immediate free recall of short and long lists.

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