“…Although most literature on retrieval practice used relatively simple test materials for measurement like single words, word pairs, text passages, and academic facts (Carpenter, 2012;Su et al, 2020), more challenging outcomes of understanding and comprehension of complex, educationally-relevant learning contents are now also investigated (Butler, 2010;Carpenter, 2014;Karpicke & Aue, 2015). Similarly, the literature expanded from showing improved recognition, cued recall, and free recall (Su et al, 2020) as well as transfer of factual and conceptual knowledge (Butler, 2010;Chan et al, 2006), to the promotion of superior critical evaluation of research articles (Dobson et al, 2018), analogical-problem-solving performance using hypothesis-testing examples (Wong et al, 2017), and to promoting deep conceptual learning in scientific experimentation skills (Tempel et al, 2020). However, in statistics, a topic in which solving exercises are a natural and widely used practice, the retrieval practice effect is seldomly analyzed.…”