[Retracted] Theaflavin Chemistry and Its Health Benefits

Shan, Zhiguo; Nisar, Muhammad; Li, Mingxi; Zhang, Chunhua; Wan, Chunpeng

doi:10.1155/2021/6256618

Cited by 52 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…There are structural similarities and differences among the four components of theaflavin. 45 A preliminary assessment of the role of the four theaflavin fractions in modulating inflammatory responses in a model of inflammatory resistance in this study revealed that the different fractions of theaflavin monomers all exhibited some inhibition of LPS-induced myotubular inflammatory factors but with some variability among the fractions (Figure 8). Some studies have reported that theaflavin mixtures inhibit inflammation in rat tissues, 46 which is also consistent with our study.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Role and Mechanism of Theaflavins in Regulating Skeletal Muscle Inflammation

Liu

Zhou

et al. 2022

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Persistent inflammatory infiltration of skeletal muscle is a principal trigger for the loss of muscle mass and strength. Theaflavins, the main functional components of black tea, have effects on muscle health, but their biological effects on skeletal muscle inflammation are unclear. We constructed in vitro and in vivo models of muscle inflammation and found that theaflavins reduced the expression of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) by regulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway to alleviate muscle inflammation. In addition, TF1 can regulate the metabolic function of skeletal muscle under inflammatory conditions, reduce the content of proinflammatory substances, improve the mechanical properties (stiffness and roughness) of the surface of inflammatory myotubes, and promote the recovery of muscle after an inflammatory injury. In conclusion, theaflavins may serve as a diet-derived anti-inflammatory factor with potential modulatory effects on skeletal muscle metabolism and mechanical properties in an inflammatory environment.

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Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Role and Mechanism of Theaflavins in Regulating Skeletal Muscle Inflammation

Liu

Zhou

et al. 2022

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…TF3 is a large and copious component of black tea, generated by the chemical reaction of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin gallate (ECG) during fermentation 94 . As a result, TF3 has been discovered to have diverse pharmacological properties, together with anti-inflammatory and free radicals or ROS scavenging abilities 73,95 . According to a new study, women who drink a lot of black tea have a lower risk of ageing 96 .…”

Section: Antioxidant Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catechins and Theaflavins: An Overview on Therapeutic Application

Sen¹,

Sen²,

Zanwar³

et al. 2022

JNR

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Flavonoids are a sort of natural substance which are basically plant secondary metabolites having a polyphenolic structure present in a wide range of food products. Flavonoids have become a vital constituent in nutraceutical, pharmacological, therapeutic, and cosmetic fields. This is owing to their capability to regulate essential cellular enzyme activity along with anti-cancer, anti-oxidative, anti-mutagenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Through the revelation of a minimal cardiovascular death rate and the deterrence of CHD, research on flavonoids has gotten a boost. The functional mechanisms of flavonoids are still not completely known. Molecular docking and bioinformatics information are also been used to forecast potential flavonoid functions. Flavonoids are divided into several categories. Catechins and Theaflavins (TF’s) are two types of flavonoids that have been discussed in this review. ROS scavenging property of tea catechins and polyphenols have been demonstrated in vitro, and they may also serve as indirect antioxidants via their influence on transcription features and enzyme actions. There are a number of antioxidant polyphenols called collectively as “theaflavins” that are produced during the enzymatic oxidation (sometimes referred to mistakenly as “fermentation”) of black tea leaves by flavan-3-ol condensation Theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3’-gallate, and theaflavin-3-3’-digallate are the major theaflavins.

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“…Additionally, oolonghomobisflavan-A and theasinensin-D are poorly soluble in water 32 , while theaflavin and its derivatives are highly soluble 33 . Considering the above-stated reasons and the enormous therapeutic potential of theaflavin 3-gallate 34 , 35 , we performed wet-lab studies to test the inhibition potential of theaflavin 3-gallate along with GC376 (known inhibitors of M pro ) and theaflavin (precursor for theaflavin 3-gallate) against M pro protein of SARS-CoV-2. The cell-based assay was performed to confirm the antiviral activity of theaflavin 3-gallate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theaflavin 3-gallate inhibits the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 and reduces its count in vitro

Chauhan

Bhardwaj

Kumar

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 has been recognized as an attractive drug target because of its central role in viral replication. Our previous preliminary molecular docking studies showed that theaflavin 3-gallate (a natural bioactive molecule derived from theaflavin and found in high abundance in black tea) exhibited better docking scores than repurposed drugs (Atazanavir, Darunavir, Lopinavir). In this study, conventional and steered MD-simulations analyses revealed stronger interactions of theaflavin 3-gallate with the active site residues of Mpro than theaflavin and a standard molecule GC373 (a known inhibitor of Mpro and novel broad-spectrum anti-viral agent). Theaflavin 3-gallate inhibited Mpro protein of SARS-CoV-2 with an IC50 value of 18.48 ± 1.29 μM. Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (Indian/a3i clade/2020 isolate) with 200 μM of theaflavin 3-gallate in vitro using Vero cells and quantifying viral transcripts demonstrated reduction of viral count by 75% (viral particles reduced from Log106.7 to Log106.1). Overall, our findings suggest that theaflavin 3-gallate effectively targets the Mpro thus limiting the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in vitro.

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[Retracted] Theaflavin Chemistry and Its Health Benefits

Cited by 52 publications

References 146 publications

Role and Mechanism of Theaflavins in Regulating Skeletal Muscle Inflammation

Role and Mechanism of Theaflavins in Regulating Skeletal Muscle Inflammation

Catechins and Theaflavins: An Overview on Therapeutic Application

Theaflavin 3-gallate inhibits the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 and reduces its count in vitro

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