RETRACTED: Fabrication and mechanical characterization of a polyvinyl alcohol sponge for tissue engineering applications

Karimi, Alireza; Navidbakhsh, Mahdi; Faghihi, Shahab

doi:10.1177/0267659113513823

Cited by 35 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…The experimental setup and stress-strain analysis were described comprehensively in our previous studies [17,28,27,29,36]. Briefly, eight as-prepared cylindrical hydrogels with a height and a diameter of 20 and 15 mm, respectively, were set on the lower plate of the testing machine and compressed by the upper plate that was connected to a load cell until failure.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material properties in unconfined compression of gelatin hydrogel for skin tissue engineering applications

Karimi¹,

Navidbakhsh²

2014

Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik

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Gelatin (Gel) has been reported as a promising candidate in tissue engineering owing to its easy availability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Gel hydrogel is of potential to be cross-linked with different materials to enhance their biocompatibility for cell culture for tissue engineering applications. The mechanical properties of this versatile material, however, have not been thoroughly determined. In this study, the linear elastic (Young's modulus and maximum stress) and non-linear hyperelastic (hyperelastic coefficients) mechanical properties of prepared hydrogels at different contents of Gel (wt%) were measured, and its Young's modulus was compared with that of skin tissue. The prepared cylindrical Gel hydrogels were subjected to a series of unconfined compression tests. The hyperelastic strain energy density function was calibrated using the compressive experimental data. The potential ability of the Yeoh hyperelastic constitutive equation, which has been proposed as the best material model to represent the non-linear behavior of hydrogels, was verified using finite element (FE) simulations. The results revealed that the Young's modulus and maximum stress of hydrogels are increased by the addition of Gel. The highest Young's modulus (81 kPa) and maximum stress (24 kPa) were observed for hydrogels with 15 wt% Gel. Results also showed that the hydrogels with a relatively lower content (<7.5 wt%) of Gel have suitable Young's modulus compared with those with a higher content (>7.5 wt%) for skin tissue engineering. The Yeoh material model was closely fitted with the experimental data and could be used in further biomechanical simulations of the hydrogels. The experimental results were also compared well with those predicted by the FE models. The results of this study might have implications not only for the understanding of the mechanical properties of Gel hydrogel but also for the fabrication of polymeric substrate materials suitable for skin tissue engineering applications.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material properties in unconfined compression of gelatin hydrogel for skin tissue engineering applications

Karimi¹,

Navidbakhsh²

2014

Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik

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“…It is, hence, possible to make a composite hydrogel, which is desirable for tissue regeneration by promoting cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, and proliferation. 9 Gel is also of potential interest because of its ability to be cross-linked with chitosan, 10 poly(vinyl) alcohol, [11][12][13][14] poly(ethylene glycol), 15 sodium alginate, 16 and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). 7 However, due to the lack of mechanical strength, it cannot be used to support the growth of the new tissue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Poly(acrylic acid) on the Mechanical Properties of Composite Hydrogels

et al. 2014

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Gelatin (Gel) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) have so many applications in wound dressing, drug release, and tissue engineering on the basis of their easy availability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. A composition of Gel/PAA hydrogel is widely used as a biological glue of soft tissues. However, the influence of PAA on the mechanical properties of this composite hydrogel so far has not been determined. In this study, gel hydrogels were prepared at various PAA content, i.e., 10, 20, and 30 wt%, using a thermal-initiated redox polymerization method. Afterward, as=prepared cylindrical hydrogel samples were subjected to a series of compressive loading to measure their linear elastic (elastic modulus, maximum stress and strain) and nonlinear hyperelastic (hyperelastic coefficients) mechanical properties. The potential ability of the Yeoh material model to closely address the nonlinear mechanical behavior of the hydrogel was verified using finite element (FE) modeling of the compression test. The results showed that the addition of PAA (>10 wt%) invokes a significant decrease in the Young's modulus and maximum stress of the hydrogels whereas (1 of 7)RESEARCH ARTICLE a significant increase in the maximum strain. The highest Young's modulus (25 MPa) and maximum stress (12 MPa) were observed in the hydrogels with PAA (10 wt%), whereas the highest maximum strain (43%) was detected in the Gel/PAA (30 wt%) samples. The experimental results were well compared to those anticipated by the Yeoh and FE models. The results suggested that an optimum addition of PAA not only could enhance the mechanical strength of the hydrogels but also provide a nonlinear behavior of composite hydrogels, which is suitable for soft tissue engineering. C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2015, 34, 21487; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com.

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“…17 The uniaxial tensile test also showed the Young's modulus and maximum stress of 40 and 9.79 MPa for the PVA sponge, respectively. 18 The mechanical properties results of PVA sponge at different strain rates showed Young's modulus of 4.28, 208.33, and 187.51 MPa for the strain rates of 1, 20, and 100 mm/min, respectively (Table I) Young's modulus of PVA sponge in the longitudinal and circumferential directions was 38.91 and 33.34 MPa, respectively. The maximum stress, in addition, in the longitudinal direction was 17.90% greater than that in the circumferential direction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

An Experimental Study on the Structural and Mechanical Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol Sponge Using Different Stress–Strain Definitions

2014

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Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponge with a complex interconnecting porous structure indicates suitable mechanical properties at different strain rates. The paper presents the first scientific study to show how different results are given by the various definitions of stress-strain used and to recommend a specific definition when calculating the energy absorption characteristics of the PVA sponge. A series of tensile tests on PVA sponges are carried out. Three stress definitions (second Piola-Kirchhoff stress, engineering stress, and true stress) and four strain definitions (Almansi-Hamel strain, Green-St. Venant strain, engineering strain, and true strain) are used to determine the modulus of resilience and modulus of toughness. The stress-strain curves of PVA sponges show a near constant plateau stress over a long strain range, which is ideal for energy absorption applications. The results reveal that the Green-St. Venant strain definition has the highest modulus of resilience (3000 J/m 3 ) and toughness (56,900 J/m 3 ) at different definitions of stress and may overestimate the modulus of resilience and toughness. The Almansi-Hamel strain definition exhibits the lowest modulus of resilience (1760 J/m 3 ) and toughness (4850 J/m 3 ) at different stress definitions and may underestimate these values. The results also show that the effect of varying the stress definition on the modulus of toughness measurements is significant but not when calculating the modulus of resilience. The true stress-true strain definition favors spongy material mechanics since it gives more accurate measurements of the sponge's response using the instantaneous values. C

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RETRACTED: Fabrication and mechanical characterization of a polyvinyl alcohol sponge for tissue engineering applications

Cited by 35 publications

References 41 publications

Material properties in unconfined compression of gelatin hydrogel for skin tissue engineering applications

Material properties in unconfined compression of gelatin hydrogel for skin tissue engineering applications

Influence of Poly(acrylic acid) on the Mechanical Properties of Composite Hydrogels

An Experimental Study on the Structural and Mechanical Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol Sponge Using Different Stress–Strain Definitions

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