Abstract:Chitin (β-(1-4)-poly-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine) is widely distributed in nature and is the second most abundant polysaccharide after cellulose. It is often converted to its more deacetylated derivative, chitosan. Previously, many reports have indicated the accelerating effects of chitin, chitosan, and its derivatives on wound healing. More recently, chemically modified or nano-fibrous chitin and chitosan have been developed, and their effects on wound healing have been evaluated. In this review, the studies on th… Show more
“…Compared to chitin, chitosan is unique and found only in fungi that have deacetylase enzymes.10.1080/21501203.2018.1473299-F0001Figure 1.Structural homology of linear polysaccharides. Chitin, chitosan and cellulose (Azuma et al 2015). …”
Chitin is the second abundant polysaccharide in the world after cellulose. It is a vital structural component of the fungal cell wall but not for plants. In plants, fungi are recognised through the perception of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to induce MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI). Chitin polymers and their modified form, chitosan, induce host defence responses in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The plants’ response to chitin, chitosan, and derived oligosaccharides depends on the acetylation degree of these compounds which indicates possible biocontrol regulation of plant immune system. There has also been a considerable amount of recent research aimed at elucidating the roles of chitin hydrolases in fungi and plants as chitinase production in plants is not considered solely as an antifungal resistance mechanism. We discuss the importance of chitin forms and chitinases in the plant–fungal interactions and their role in persistent and possible biocontrol.Abbreviations ET, ethylene; GAP, GTPase-activating protein; GEF, GDP/GTP exchange factor; JA, jasmonic acid; LysM, lysin motif; MAMP, microbe-associated molecular pattern; MTI, MAMP-triggered immunity; NBS, nucleotide-binding site; NBS-LRR, nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeats; PM, powdery mildew; PR, pathogenesis-related; RBOH, respiratory burst oxidase homolog; RLK, receptor-like kinase; RLP, receptor-like protein; SA, salicylic acid; TF, transcription factor.
“…Compared to chitin, chitosan is unique and found only in fungi that have deacetylase enzymes.10.1080/21501203.2018.1473299-F0001Figure 1.Structural homology of linear polysaccharides. Chitin, chitosan and cellulose (Azuma et al 2015). …”
Chitin is the second abundant polysaccharide in the world after cellulose. It is a vital structural component of the fungal cell wall but not for plants. In plants, fungi are recognised through the perception of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to induce MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI). Chitin polymers and their modified form, chitosan, induce host defence responses in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The plants’ response to chitin, chitosan, and derived oligosaccharides depends on the acetylation degree of these compounds which indicates possible biocontrol regulation of plant immune system. There has also been a considerable amount of recent research aimed at elucidating the roles of chitin hydrolases in fungi and plants as chitinase production in plants is not considered solely as an antifungal resistance mechanism. We discuss the importance of chitin forms and chitinases in the plant–fungal interactions and their role in persistent and possible biocontrol.Abbreviations ET, ethylene; GAP, GTPase-activating protein; GEF, GDP/GTP exchange factor; JA, jasmonic acid; LysM, lysin motif; MAMP, microbe-associated molecular pattern; MTI, MAMP-triggered immunity; NBS, nucleotide-binding site; NBS-LRR, nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeats; PM, powdery mildew; PR, pathogenesis-related; RBOH, respiratory burst oxidase homolog; RLK, receptor-like kinase; RLP, receptor-like protein; SA, salicylic acid; TF, transcription factor.
“…Chitosan is a natural, bio-degradable, non-toxic polymer derived from deaceylation of chitin. Chitosan has several reports for its clinical applications such as burns, wounds, nanoparticle based treatments and tissue regeneration [22]. ZnO quantum dots also finds significance for its applications in many areas for its attractive florescence properties [23].…”
“…Chitosan receives increasing attention as one of the promising renewable polymeric materials for various applications, such as wound healing and hemostatic activity [3,4,8,9]. Cheung et al reported [10] bio-molecules of marine origin with a defense action against pathogenic viruses and fungi.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Chitin is reported as the second most common polymer after cellulose in nature, existing in the shells of crustaceans, like shrimp [4][5][6][7]. Chitosan receives increasing attention as one of the promising renewable polymeric materials for various applications, such as wound healing and hemostatic activity [3,4,8,9].…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Post traumatic hemorrhage remains one of the most mortal causes of early death with progressive seconder infections in wounds, although chitosan dressings were developed to address these problems, minimize scarring, strengths new tissue, provides protein for healing, absorbs fluids from inflammation, blocks nerve endings to reduce pain, encourages natural blood clothing, forms barrier against infection and provides scaffold for cell growth [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. There are insufficient data in Turkey on canine wound and abscess treatment.…”
Abstract:The aim of this case report was to demonstrate the effectivity of chitosan as topical agent on the treatment of severely infected canine extremity wound. The dog was hit by a bus and presented severe friction wounds accompanying with bilateral hip and extremity fractures. Local and generalized infections were observed on the post operational period. The dog was unresponsive to the standard therapeutic protocols and health status was getting worsened. The regenerative sutures did not hold the tissues because of the infection and the tissue eruption. Chitosan samples were extracted from shrimp shell wastes. The milled form of chitosan was topically used to treat the open and heavily mix infected wound areas located at skin and rear extremities accompanying with fever and Canine coronavirus diarrhea. It was decided to use the chitosan as a bio barrier and anti-bio affect over the damaged and erupted tissues. Macroscopic findings indicated chitosan promoted the natural blood clotting and absorbed the inflammation fluid. Microscopic findings indicated the infiltration of polymorph nuclear leukocytes (PMN) accelerated with the topical use of chitosan in the early phase of wound healing. The wound healing was observed daily. This veterinary practice wound treatment result indicated that chitosan is effective to medicate topically the canine open and mix infected wounds with bacteria and viruses and promotes the granulomatosis in four weeks period.
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