RETRACTED: Caesalpinia sappan L. ameliorates hypercholesterolemia in C57BL/6 mice and suppresses inflammatory responses in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by antioxidant mechanism

Abstract

Oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators were measured in the plasma and livers of C57BL/6 mice fed a high-cholesterol diet for 14 weeks and in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Some of the mice fed with the atherogenic diet received drinking water supplemented with 0.01 g of a 70% ethanol extract of Caesalpinia sappan L. (CSLE) per 20 g of body weight. Numerous parameters were determined: concentrations of total, high-, and low-density cholesterol; atherogenic index; plasma trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC); levels of hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls; and the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes, including Cu·Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase. HUVECs were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and the expression of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), adhesion molecules, inhibitory κBα (IκBα), and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) were measured. Compared to mice fed a hypercholesterolemic diet alone, mice fed a hypercholesterolemic diet supplemented with CSLE exhibited decreased total plasma cholesterol and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and thus a lower atherogenic index. Furthermore, plasma TEAC and levels of hepatic TBARS and protein carbonyls were significantly decreased in CSLE-supplemented mice (P < 0.05), whereas all hepatic antioxidative indicators were significantly elevated (P < 0.05). In HUVECs stimulated with TNFα, CSLE significantly decreased the expression of intracellular ROS, LOX-1, and adhesion molecules; the degradation of IκBα; and the nuclear translocation of NFκB; in contrast, CSLE induced the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 (P < 0.05 for all results).

Ethanol extract of propolis protects endothelial cells from oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced injury by inhibiting lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1-mediated oxidative stress

“…23 Recently, people are interesting in natural products as a daily supplement to protect against cardiovascular disease and growing evidence has confirmed that the dietary supplement has positive outcomes in preventing atherogenesis through protection of endothelial cells, inhibition of oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. [24][25][26] Several observations including our previous studies have revealed that EEP and its flavones can inhibit the inflammatory responses mediated by macrophages and mitigate atherosclerotic development. [15][16][17][18] In addition, it is reported that propolis also exhibit inhibitory effects on the oxidative modification of LDL.…”

Anti-inflammatory activity of an ethanolic Caesalpinia sappan extract in human chondrocytes and macrophages

“…More importantly, in vivo data from mouse and rat models further support our findings on the anti-inflammatory activity of Caesalpinia sappan isolates (Washiyama et al, 2009; Shen et al, 2007). Only recently, a 70% ethanolic extract of Caesalpinia sappan has been evaluated in a human cell model of TNF-α-stimulated umbilical vein endothelial cells (Lee et al, 2010). Our present study extends these results to human macrophages and shows that CSE down-regulates IL-1ß and TNF-α mRNA levels in activated THP-1 cells.…”

A Review of Antiplatelet Activity of Traditional Medicinal Herbs on Integrative Medicine Studies

“…Its dried heartwood has been used as a traditional medicine [126]. Studies have shown that C. sappan possesses various pharmacological efficacies such as analgesia, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory antiplatelet activity, promoting blood circulation, and preventing blood stasis [127–130]. The main bioactive component of C. sappan is brazilin [7,11b-dihydrobenz(b)indeno[1,2-d]pyran-3,6a,9,10(6H)-tetrol], which has been studied the diverse biological activities such as hypoglycemic, antibacterial, antihepatotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities [131–134].…”