Retracted Article: Wavelength modulation of ZnO nanowire based organic light-emitting diodes with ultraviolet electroluminescence

Abstract

As organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) find important applications in display-related fields, we demonstrate the fabrication of an inverted UV-OLED device with tunable wavelength that composes zinc oxide nanowires as an electron injection layer.

Commercially available chromophores as low-cost efficient electron injection layers for organic light emitting diodes

“…This is particularly prominent at the cathode side, where air-stable aluminum (Al) with a high W F (∼4.1 eV) is used as a stable alternative to the low W F alkali metals such as barium (Ba, W F ∼2.2 eV) and calcium (Ca, W F ∼2.7 eV) metals [19][20][21]. Transition metal oxides, such as zinc oxide (ZnO) [22][23][24][25][26], titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) [27][28][29][30], and zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ) [31,32], have been successfully employed as electron injection layers (EILs) in inverted OLEDs due to their robustness, good electron transport ability and high transparency in the visible wavelength range. However, they usually require thermal post treatment at relatively high temperature that hinders their application to conventional device structures, where the EIL is deposited on top of the organic emitter.…”