Retracted Article: Insights from investigations of tin dioxide and its composites: electron-beam irradiation, fractal assessment, and mechanism

Abstract

Tin dioxide (SnO2) is a unique strategic functional material with widespread technological applications, particularly in fields such as solar batteries, optoelectronic devices, and solid-state gas sensors owing to advances in its optical and electronic properties. In this review, we introduce the recent progress of tin dioxide and its composites, including the synthesis strategies, microstructural evolution, related formation mechanism, and performance evaluation of SnO2 quantum dots (QDs), thin films, and composites prepared by electron-beam irradiation, pulsed laser ablation, and SnO2 planted graphene strategies, highlighting contributions from our laboratory. First, we present the electron-beam irradiation strategies for the growth behavior of SnO2 nanocrystals. This method is a potentially powerful technique to achieve the nucleation and growth of SnO2 QDs. In addition, the fractal assessment strategies and gas sensing behavior of SnO2 thin films with interesting micro/nanostructures induced by pulsed delivery will be discussed experimentally and theoretically. Finally, we emphasize the fabrication process and formation mechanism of SnO2 QD planted graphene nanosheets. This review may provide a new insight that the versatile strategies for microstructural evolution and related performance of SnO2-based functional materials are of fundamental importance in the development of new materials.

One‐Pot Hybrid SnO2/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Nanocomposite Formation through Pulsed Laser Irradiation

“…To further elucidate the structural properties of the nanocomposites, XRD analysis was performed. In Figure , patterns related to the composites after 700 pulses are displayed, which are compatible with the cassiterite polymorph of SnO 2 (JCPDS 41‐1445) . Specifically, the appearance of very broad and weak reflections can be observed: the peak broadness can possibly be ascribed to the small size of the SnO 2 NPs formed during the irradiation process, especially at λ =355 nm (Figure , blue trace).…”

“…In Figure 4, patterns related to the composites after 700 pulses are displayed, which are compatible with the cassiterite polymorph of SnO 2 (JCPDS 41-1445). [6] Specifically,t he appearance of very broad and weak reflectionsc an be observed:t he peak broadness can possibly be ascribed to thes mall size of the SnO 2 NPsf ormed during the irradiation process, especially at l = 355 nm (Figure 4, blue trace). The diffractogram of the sample irradiated at l = 532 nm (Figure 4, green line) shows more defined reflections that are possibly as ignature of bigger SnO 2 particles, relative to their UV-synthesized counterpart.…”

“…[3,4] In particular, tin dioxide (SnO 2 )i so ne of the most widespread metal oxide semiconductors (E g = 3.64 at 300 K) used in gas sensors, luminescent materials, batteries, and optoelectronic devices, among others. [5][6][7] On the other hand, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is the ideal polymer matrix candidate due to its high transparency,c ontamination resistance, and easy processability;these properties make it attractive for practical applications in opticalf ibers, lenses, and protective coat-ings. [8,9] Therefore, the introduction of SnO 2 NPs inside aP MMA matrix leads to the formation of ah ighly versatile nanocomposite system.…”

Impact of reduced graphene oxide on the ethanol sensing performance of hollow SnO2 nanoparticles under humid atmosphere

“…The first step from 70 to 220 • C corresponded to a loss of 6.5%, being attributed to the removal of physically adsorbed water on the SnO 2 particles [48,49]. The second step lost 5.5% occurring up to 530 • C is assigned to the elimination of chemically bonded water [48,49], and ammonia as well [50], prevenient from urea. In the TG curve of the RGO-SnO 2 nanocomposite (purple line), the same two mass loss steps were observed.…”