RETRACTED ARTICLE: In Vitro Characterization and Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity Effects of Nisin and Nisin-Loaded PLA-PEG-PLA Nanoparticles on Gastrointestinal (AGS and KYSE-30), Hepatic (HepG2) and Blood (K562) Cancer Cell Lines

Abstract

The aim of this study was an in vitro evaluation and comparison of the cytotoxic effects of free nisin and nisin-loaded PLA-PEG-PLA nanoparticles on gastrointestinal (AGS and KYSE-30), hepatic (HepG2), and blood (K562) cancer cell lines. To create this novel anti-cancer drug delivery system, the nanoparticles were synthesized and then loaded with nisin. Subsequently, their biocompatibility, ability to enter cells, and physicochemical properties, including formation, size, and shape, were studied using hemolysis, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Then, its loading efficiency and release kinetics were examined to assess the potential impact of this formulation for the nanoparticle carrier candidacy. The cytotoxicities of nisin and nisin-loaded nanoparticles were evaluated by using the MTT and Neutral Red (NR) uptake assays. Detections of the apoptotic cells were done via Ethidium Bromide (EB)/Acridine Orange (AO) staining. The FTIR spectra, SEM images, and DLS graph confirmed the formations of the nanoparticles and nisin-loaded nanoparticles with spherical, distinct, and smooth surfaces and average sizes of 100 and 200 nm, respectively. The loading efficiency of the latter nanoparticles was about 85-90%. The hemolysis test represented their non-cytotoxicities and the FITC images indicated their entrance inside the cells. An increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells was observed through EB/AO staining. These results demonstrated that nisin had a cytotoxic effect on AGS, KYSE-30, HepG2, and K562 cancer cell lines, while the cytotoxicity of nisin-loaded nanoparticles was more than that of the free nisin.

Biocompatibility, biodegradation and biomedical applications of poly(lactic acid)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) micro and nanoparticles

“…The most relevant way to avoid RES recognition is the PEGylation, via masking hydrophobicity of the particles and imparting stealth characteristics by hydrophilic PEG brush (Mansor et al 2018). Experimental research has also proved other favorable properties of PEGylated particles such as reducing aggregation while enhancing stability and biological potency (Goudarzi et al 2018). Moreover, considerable interest has been conducted in the development of ligand coupled NPs like peptide, antibodies, and nucleotides ligands for enhanced localization and active targeting capabilities to specific organs or cells (Dinarvand et al 2011).…”

Probiotics, including nisin‐based probiotics, improve clinical and microbial outcomes relevant to oral and systemic diseases

“…110 Lewies et al 111 showed that when used in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents (etoposide, 5-flurouracil, and hydroxyurea), nisin Z has the potential to enhance the cytotoxicity of these chemotherapeutic agents against melanoma cells. Recently, Goudarzi et al 112 demonstrated that nisin-loaded polylactic acid-polyethylene glycol-polylactic…”

“…Lewies et al showed that when used in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents (etoposide, 5‐flurouracil, and hydroxyurea), nisin Z has the potential to enhance the cytotoxicity of these chemotherapeutic agents against melanoma cells. Recently, Goudarzi et al demonstrated that nisin‐loaded polylactic acid‐polyethylene glycol‐polylactic acid nanoparticles exert more potent cytotoxic effects than free nisin on gastrointestinal, hepatic, and leukemia cell lines. Thus, nisin offers great promise as a cancer therapeutic for multiple cancer types.…”

Nisin-Loaded Bacterial Cellulose: Evaluation of Its Antimicrobial Activity Stability

“…Zone of inhibition were formed between 10.87 to 36.30 mm, depending of solution concentrations from 0.25 ug/mL (10 1 AU/mL) until 2500 g/mL (10 5 AU/mL). This result shows that microorganism was sensitive even when exposed to low nisin concentration, and it is important to establish the relationship between the degree of solubility and pH of nisin in relation to the method used [31]. As it is a soluble peptide with low molecular weight, this facilitates its diffusion and complements its antimicrobial activity [32,33].…”