Retirement Pension Reforms in Six European Social Insurance Schemes between 2000 and 2017: More Financial Sustainability and More Gender Inequality?

Arcanjo, Manuela

doi:10.1017/s1474746418000398

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…In both Bismarckian-and Beveridge-type systems, the years of contributions as well as the contributions paid are crucial for determining pension entitlements (Leitner 2001). However, interruptions or reductions in employment affect pension entitlements differently (Arza 2007;Arcanjo 2019). Since in Bismarckian-type systems the obligation to contribute is linked to employment (or to employment-related states such as unemployment), interruptions in employment lead to missing years of contributions, which in turn may lead to lower pensions.…”

Section: Pension Regulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do Gendered Labour Market Trends and the Pay Gap Translate into the Projected Gender Pension Gap? A Comparative Analysis of Five Countries with Low, Middle and High GPGs

et al. 2022

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This article explores how the Gender Pension Gap (GPG)—the relative difference in average pension received by men and women—might evolve in the future in various European countries, given past, current, and projected future labour market behaviour and earnings of women and men, and current pension regulations. The GPG reflects career inequalities between women and men, though these are partly mitigated by the redistributive impact of the public retirement pensions. They are further mitigated by survivor benefits. This study aims to document both mechanisms in the projections of the GPG. As the GPG varies widely across European countries, we analyse countries with a high (Luxembourg), high and low middle (Belgium and Switzerland Portugal), and low (Slovenia) GPG. We find that the GPG will fall significantly in all five countries over the coming decades. The fundamental drivers behind this development are discussed. In addition to the base scenario, we simulate two variants to show the impact of the Gender Pension Coverage Gap and of survivor pensions. Additionally, we project the GPG if current labour market gender gaps were to remain at their present level, and, conversely, if these were to disappear overnight. These alternative scenarios, one of which also serves as a robustness test, suggest that the future decline of the GPG is largely the result of labour market developments that have already happened during the past decades.

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Section: Pension Regulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do Gendered Labour Market Trends and the Pay Gap Translate into the Projected Gender Pension Gap? A Comparative Analysis of Five Countries with Low, Middle and High GPGs

et al. 2022

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“…En la década de los noventa se llevaron a cabo modificaciones en el sistema de pensiones en la mayoría de los países europeos, argumentando que era necesario hacer frente al problema de sostenibilidad del mismo, provocado por el envejecimiento de la población. Así se puso de manifiesto en España a mediados de los noventa con la firma del Pacto de Toledo, pero la llegada de la crisis de 2007 añadió nuevas presiones, obligando a los países a retomar medidas de reforma en materia de pensiones (Samek Lodovici et al, 2016;Arcanjo, 2019).…”

Section: Reformas Del Sistema De Pensionesunclassified

“…En España, este modelo es de reparto (en cada momento las prestaciones se financian mediante cotizaciones), lográndose así un objetivo importante relacionado con la calidad de vida en la etapa de vejez: reducir el riesgo de pobreza y exclusión social. Sin embargo, la búsqueda de garantizar su sostenibilidad financiera ha propiciado diversas reformas del sistema público de pensiones, algunas de las cuales han afectado de manera más intensa a la mujer (Arcanjo, 2019). Por ello, aunque las pensiones tienen la capacidad de mitigar las inequidades acumuladas durante la vida laboral, en ciertos casos pueden intensificarlas.…”

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“…Por otro lado, ante el aumento continuado del gasto en pensiones, se han ido aplicando reformas que buscan la sostenibilidad financiera 1 ; medidas que, por lo general, producen pérdidas de poder adquisitivo en los pensionistas, incluso a corto plazo. Además, muchas de las reformas llevadas a cabo afectan de distinta forma a mujeres y hombres, casi siempre en detrimento de las primeras (Vara Miranda, 2011;Arcanjo, 2019).…”

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La brecha de género en las pensiones en España y la Unión Europea

Martínez

Marin-Lopez

2019

papob

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Las pensiones tienen como objetivo asegurar, mediante una retribución de carácter pecuniario, el mantenimiento de un nivel de vida digno en la etapa de retiro. Sin embargo, las de tipo contri- butivo se ven afectadas por las desigualdades entre hombres y mujeres que se van acumulando a lo largo de la vida laboral, dando como resultado otra inequidad: la brecha de género en las pensiones. Este trabajo pretende identificar los factores que inciden en esta diferencia, motivada por la menor implicación de la mujer en el mercado laboral, que se manifiesta tanto en una menor participación femenina en la fuerza de trabajo como en una elevada presencia de este colectivo en el empleo a tiempo parcial y la consiguiente mayor propensión a la intermitencia en la vida laboral de la mujer.

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“…As a result, equity reduces the difference in wealth status among older people. This way of understanding equity would advocate more favourable terms for women than men in the social-insurance-pension system because women are more likely to be disadvantaged than men in employment (working period and salary) (Arcanjo, 2019). The second way of understanding equity does not relate to wealth transfer.…”

Section: Wealth Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

Pension Reforms in Viet Nam: Voices of Local Citizenry

Nguyen¹

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Many developing countries have reformed their national pension systems in response to ageing populations and to increase pension scheme participation. The World Bank has been active in pension reforms in developing countries since the 1990s, and Vietnamese pension reforms since 2004 have reflected many proposals of the World Bank – a leading international donor to Viet Nam since 1993. There have been many criticisms of the World Bank’s pension privatisation proposals for developing countries – for example, the World Bank did not take into account country-specific environmental factors such as financial market conditions and regulatory capacity, and it focused on economic growth rather than old-age poverty reduction. This research studies whether the Vietnamese pension reforms, with the World Bank as an active agent, have taken into account the concerns and expectations of an important stakeholder group: the Vietnamese people. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and a survey of Vietnamese people. The findings from interviews and the survey were analysed with reference to the World Bank’s proposals for Viet Nam and changes in Vietnamese legislation. The aim of the research is to explore the extent to which the World Bank, with its global power, and the Vietnamese government, with its dependence on global finance and technical knowledge, have responded to concerns and expectations of Vietnamese people. This research adopts postcolonial theory to examine the relationship between agents with different power levels. Using terms from postcolonial theory, these agents are the neo-colonial power, the colonised, and the colonised subaltern. In seeking to hear the voices of the colonised subaltern, the research provides empirical evidence to support the claim that the neo-colonial power and the colonised ruling class have attended inadequately to the voices of the subaltern, especially the subordinate subaltern. This research finds that the more subordinate the situations of people are, the lower level of trust they show and the less willing they are to participate in a contributory pension scheme in Viet Nam. The research also finds that the World Bank’s pension proposals for Viet Nam and Vietnamese pension reforms pay inadequate attention to low levels of trust in pension management, inadequate pension amounts, and the vital role of familial support for older people. These findings suggest the importance of listening to the voices of the subaltern, which should lower their resistance. Specifically, people’s trust in pension management should be improved if developing countries want to increase pension participation, especially for the groups who are likely to be poor in old age, such as people with informal employment and with lower educational attainment. Moreover, the more balanced priorities in goals to better match people’s views and concerns can be helpful for agents with power in order to achieve the mission of poverty alleviation.

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Retirement Pension Reforms in Six European Social Insurance Schemes between 2000 and 2017: More Financial Sustainability and More Gender Inequality?

Cited by 5 publications

References 30 publications

How Do Gendered Labour Market Trends and the Pay Gap Translate into the Projected Gender Pension Gap? A Comparative Analysis of Five Countries with Low, Middle and High GPGs

How Do Gendered Labour Market Trends and the Pay Gap Translate into the Projected Gender Pension Gap? A Comparative Analysis of Five Countries with Low, Middle and High GPGs

La brecha de género en las pensiones en España y la Unión Europea

Pension Reforms in Viet Nam: Voices of Local Citizenry

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