This paper uses a survey of 932 rural households to uncover how the rural credit market operates in Vietnam. Households obtain credit through formal and informal lenders. Formal loans are almost entirely for production and asset accumulation, while informal loans are used for consumption smoothening. The determinants of formal and informal credit demand are distinct. While credit rationing depends on education and credit history, in particular, regional differences in the demand for credit are striking. A 'one size fits all' approach to credit policy in Vietnam would be inappropriate.

JACINTO CHICONELA Ministry of Planning and Development (MPD), MozambiqueSummary. -This paper analyzes how different economic characteristics at the individual, household and community level affect the risk of victimization, controlling for the impact of (non-economic) sociological factors. We use a nation wide household survey from Mozambique and show that the probability of being victimized is increasing in income, but at a diminishing rate. At the same time, poorer households are vulnerable. While less at risk of victimization, they tend to suffer relatively greater losses when such shocks occur. Economic development and reduction in victimization go hand in hand, and lower inequality and increased employment appear as effective means of combating crime.

In the context of emerging challenges and opportunities associated with population ageing, the study of inequality in active-ageing outcomes is critical to the design of appropriate and effective social policies. While there is much discussion about active ageing at the aggregate country level, little is known about inequality in active-ageing experiences within countries. Based on the existing literature on active ageing, this paper proposes an individual-level composite active ageing index based on Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data. The individual-level nature of the index allows us to analyse inequality in experiences of active ageing within selected European countries. One important motivation behind measuring active ageing at the individual level is that it allows for a better understanding of unequal experiences of ageing, which may otherwise be masked in aggregate-level measures of active ageing. Results show large differences in the distribution of individual-level active ageing across the 13 European countries covered and across age groups. Furthermore, there is a positive association between the country-level active ageing index and the equality of its distribution within a country. Hence, countries with the lowest average active ageing index tend to have the most unequal distribution in active-ageing experiences. For nine European countries, where temporal data are also available, we find that inequality in active-ageing outcomes decreased in the period 2004 to 2013.

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We provide an estimate of China's impact on the growth rate of resource--rich countries after its WTO accession on 11 December 2001. Our empirical approach follows the logic of the differences--in--differences estimator. In addition to temporal variation arising from the WTO accession, which we argue was exogenous to other countries' growth trajectories, we exploit spatial variation arising from differences in natural resource wealth. This allows us to compare changes in economic growth in the post--accession period relative to the pre--accession period between countries that were able to benefit from the surge in demand for industrial commodities brought about by China's WTO accession and countries that were less able to do so. We find that roughly one tenth of average annual post--accession growth in resource--rich countries was due to China's increased appetite for commodities. We use this finding to inform the debate about what will happen to economic growth in resource--rich countries as China rebalances and its demand for commodities weakens.JEL Codes: F4, F62 ❋ We thank Nikolaj Malchow--Møller for useful comments.