Retinal vein occlusion: pathophysiology and treatment options

Karia, Niral

doi:10.2147/opth.s7631

Cited by 143 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…81,[86][87][88] Recurrence of RVO in the same or fellow eye is also noted with poor control of blood pressure. A recent metaanalysis has shown a significant association between hypertension and both central RVO (odds ratio ¼ 3.8) and BRVO (odds ratio ¼ 3.0), 91,92 with the risk of developing BRVO being five times higher even for mild hypertensive retinopathy. 88 Additional risk factors for RVO include diabetes, cigarette smoking and carotid artery disease as well as various hematological abnormalities (for example, hyperhomocysteinaemia, anti-cardiolipin antibodies, protein S and C deficiencies, activated protein C resistance, and factor V Leiden mutation).…”

Section: How Does Hypertension Affect Your Eyes? M Bhargava Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

“…88 Additional risk factors for RVO include diabetes, cigarette smoking and carotid artery disease as well as various hematological abnormalities (for example, hyperhomocysteinaemia, anti-cardiolipin antibodies, protein S and C deficiencies, activated protein C resistance, and factor V Leiden mutation). 91,92 RVO has also been associated with stroke, coronary heart disease and cardiovascular mortality. 90 The cause and management of the RVO is closely linked to the underlying systemic disease and its management.…”

Section: How Does Hypertension Affect Your Eyes? M Bhargava Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

“…91,92 Focal laser photocoagulation is useful in avoiding visual loss in patients with macular edema from BRVO, although this treatment does not appear to benefit macular edema associated with central RVO. 91,92 Newer therapeutic options for macular edema in the form of intravitreal triamcinolone [91][92][93] and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents 91,92,94 currently seem to be at the forefront, and their efficacy and safety is being validated by randomized clinical trials. Although there is no evidence that lowering of blood pressure would reduce the risk of complications associated with RVO, physicians should be more vigilant with the patients' treatment of hypertension after the occurrence of an RVO.…”

Section: How Does Hypertension Affect Your Eyes? M Bhargava Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

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How does hypertension affect your eyes?

2011

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Hypertension has profound effects on various parts of the eye. Classically, elevated blood pressure results in a series of retinal microvascular changes called hypertensive retinopathy, comprising of generalized and focal retinal arteriolar narrowing, arteriovenous nicking, retinal hemorrhages, microaneurysms and, in severe cases, optic disc and macular edema. Studies have shown that mild hypertensive retinopathy signs are common and seen in nearly 10% of the general adult non-diabetic population. Hypertensive retinopathy signs are associated with other indicators of end-organ damage (for example, left ventricular hypertrophy, renal impairment) and may be a risk marker of future clinical events, such as stroke, congestive heart failure and cardiovascular mortality. Furthermore, hypertension is one of the major risk factors for development and progression of diabetic retinopathy, and control of blood pressure has been shown in large clinical trials to prevent visual loss from diabetic retinopathy. In addition, several retinal diseases such as retinal vascular occlusion (artery and vein occlusion), retinal arteriolar emboli, macroaneurysm, ischemic optic neuropathy and age-related macular degeneration may also be related to hypertension; however, there is as yet no evidence that treatment of hypertension prevents vision loss from these conditions. In management of patients with hypertension, physicians should be aware of the full spectrum of the relationship of blood pressure and the eye.

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Section: How Does Hypertension Affect Your Eyes? M Bhargava Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: How Does Hypertension Affect Your Eyes? M Bhargava Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: How Does Hypertension Affect Your Eyes? M Bhargava Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

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How does hypertension affect your eyes?

2011

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“…BRVO can be treated with photocoagulation [14,15], steroid treatment [16], and/or anti-VEGF injections [17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wet age-related macular degeneration combined with branch retinal vein occlusion

Mallias

Mylova²,

Tassiopoulou³

2017

Ophthalmology J

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To disclose a case of wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD) combined with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). The prognosis and the treatment are discussed. A 77-year-old woman presented with wet AMD of the left eye. The patient was treated with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab of the left eye with improvement of visual acuity and resolution of intra-retinal and sub-retinal fluid. One year after the last injection the patient developed a BRVO of the same eye. A flame shaped haemorrhage was observed, and OCT examination showed cystic macular oedema. Fluorescein angiography showed that there was an active lesion of choroidal neovascularisation (CNV), areas of ischaemia, delayed filling and emptying of the affected vein, micro aneurisms, and telangiectatic changes. The co-existence of BRVO and active WET AMD was documented by fluorescein angiography. The co-existence of both diseases has not been described in the literature until today. This co-existence makes the prognosis worse and diminishes the patient's visual acuity.KeY Words: branch retinal vein occlusion, wet age-related macular degeneration

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“…Очевидно, что чрезмерная сосудистая прони-цаемость, вызывающая макулярный отек, обуслов-лена повышенной секрецией ВЭФР. Однако при длительном существовании отек сетчатки способ-ствует повреждению капилляров, поддержанию вы-сокого уровня ретинальной ишемии, что в свою оче-редь стимулирует дальнейший выброс ВЭФР и вос-палительных ЦК [1,22]. Как известно, макрофаги и моноциты способны секретировать широкий спектр провоспалительных медиаторов, которые наряду с ВЭФР увеличивают сосудистую проницаемость.…”

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