Retinal function as a marker for cell membrane omega–3 fatty acid depletion in schizophrenia: a pilot study

Warner, Rachel; Laugharne, Jonathan; Peet, Malcolm; Brown, Lawrence W.; Rogers, N

doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00379-5

Cited by 60 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In schizophrenic individuals there may be an increased breakdown of these omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, as suggested by various authors [192,196] and/or there is a decreased activity in one or more of the enzymes, responsible for the synthesis of the long chain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids [199,202]. Consistent with alteration in fatty acid metabolism in schizophrenic individuals is the finding that there may also be abnormalities in retinal photoreceptor function [203].…”

Section: Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 80%

Omega-3 fatty acids and neuropsychiatric disorders

2005

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-Epidemiological evidence suggests that dietary consumption of the long chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), commonly found in fish or fish oil, may modify the risk for certain neuropsychiatric disorders. As evidence, decreased blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids have been associated with several neuropsychiatric conditions, including Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder, Alzheimer's Disease, Schizophrenia and Depression. Supplementation studies, using individual or combination omega-3 fatty acids, suggest the possibility for decreased symptoms associated with some of these conditions. Thus far, however, the benefits of supplementation, in terms of decreasing disease risk and/or aiding in symptom management, are not clear and more research is needed. The reasons for blood fatty acid alterations in these disorders are not known, nor are the potential mechanisms by which omega-3 fatty acids may function in normal neuronal activity and neuropsychiatric disease prevention and/or treatment. It is clear, however, that DHA is the predominant n-3 fatty acid found in the brain and that EPA plays an important role as an anti-inflammatory precursor. Both DHA and EPA can be linked with many aspects of neural function, including neurotransmission, membrane fluidity, ion channel and enzyme regulation and gene expression. This review summarizes the knowledge in terms of dietary omega-3 fatty acid intake and metabolism, as well as evidence pointing to potential mechanisms of omega-3 fatty acids in normal brain functioning, development of neuropsychiatric disorders and efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in terms of symptom management.

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Section: Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 80%

Omega-3 fatty acids and neuropsychiatric disorders

2005

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“…In yet the largest study so far (SZ = 105; Controls = 150), Hebert et al (2015) recently reported various ERG anomalies in SZ patients including the cone a-wave deficit and rod b-wave amplitude decrease reported by others (Balogh et al, 2008;Warner et al, 1999) but also novel anomalies namely a slower and reduced cone b-wave.…”

Section: The Retinal Levelmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Even though this decrease was independent of the medication, staring at the sun could have caused retinal damages, yielding to a reduced ERG response. Two small ERG reports demonstrated a decrease in cone driven a-wave in schizophrenia patients (Balogh et al, 2008;Warner et al, 1999). This was not observed in patients affected by bipolar disorder medicated with the same drugs for at least two weeks before the assessment (Balogh et al, 2008) and this anomaly was found to be independent of the antipsychotic dose received prior to ERG recording (Warner et al, 1999).…”

Section: The Retinal Levelmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In schizophrenia (SZ), the first steps of phototransduction seem to be affected in both scotopic and photopic conditions as suggested by studies using the electroretinogram (ERG) (Balogh et al, 2008;Dong et al, 2004;Gerbaldo et al, 1992;Raese et al, 1982;Warner et al, 1999). The ERG is a non-invasive technique recording the lightevoked electric potential originating from the retina in response to standardized flash stimuli.…”

Section: The Retinal Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Revisiting visual dysfunctions in schizophrenia from the retina to the cortical cells: A manifestation of defective neurodevelopment

Gagné

Hébert

Maziade

2015

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

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“…A study of the electroretinogram of patients with schizophrenia showed abnormalities consistent with those produced by experimental depletion of n3 PUFAs in primates (Warner et al, 1999).…”

Section: Abnormal Phospholipid Metabolism In Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 87%

Essential fatty acids: theoretical aspects and treatment implications for schizophrenia and depression

Peet¹

2002

Adv. psychiatr. treat

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Almost all current research into developing new pharmacological treatment for depression and schizophrenia is focused directly on modulating neurotransmitter receptors in the brain. This approach was stimulated by the chance discovery of the prototype psychotropic drugs such as chlorpromazine and imipramine and the subsequent development of hypotheses based on the presumed mode of action of these drugs. Even clozapine was first introduced as yet another dopamine receptor blocker, and it was only after it was recognised that clozapine shows improved efficacy that hypotheses were developed as to its possible mode of action. Subsequent research based on the receptor approach has led to improved side-effect profiles for modern psychotropic agents, but has not resulted in any improvement of efficacy over and above that of the drugs discovered by good fortune rather than by hypotheses.

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Retinal function as a marker for cell membrane omega–3 fatty acid depletion in schizophrenia: a pilot study

Cited by 60 publications

References 15 publications

Omega-3 fatty acids and neuropsychiatric disorders

Omega-3 fatty acids and neuropsychiatric disorders

Revisiting visual dysfunctions in schizophrenia from the retina to the cortical cells: A manifestation of defective neurodevelopment

Essential fatty acids: theoretical aspects and treatment implications for schizophrenia and depression

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