Rethinking Data Collection and Signal Processing. 2. Preserving the Temporal Fidelity of Electrochemical Measurements

Atcherley, Christopher W.; Vreeland, Richard F.; Monroe, Eric B.; Sanchez-Gomez, Esther; Heien, Michael L.

doi:10.1021/ac402037k

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Also, because the filter was applied in both forward and reverse directions, no phase shift occurred, and the temporal fidelity along with peak height was preserved (Fig. 4C)[15]. This technique shows its robustness in that it allows FSCV data to be taken and read for longer periods of time than previously shown [16].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The zero-phase aspect of the filter allowed the data to be filtered without any phase shift, which is important for the purpose of maintaining temporal fidelity of the data [15]. Generally, to improve signal to noise ratio (SNR), low pass filters are applied across the scanned voltammograms which consists of currents recorded at all voltages in a single voltammetric scan [2, 9, 16].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A baseline drift detrending technique for fast scan cyclic voltammetry

DeWaele

Park

et al. 2017

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Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) has been commonly used to measure extracellular neurotransmitter concentrations in the brain. Due to the unstable nature of the background currents inherent in FSCV measurements, analysis of FSCV data is limited to very short amounts of time using traditional background subtraction. In this paper, we propose the use of a zero-phase high pass filter (HPF) as the means to remove the background drift. Instead of the traditional method of low pass filtering across voltammograms to increase signal to noise ratio, a HPF with a low cutoff frequency was applied to temporal data set at each voltage point to remove background drift. As a result, the HPF utilizing cutoff frequencies between 0.001 Hz to 0.01 Hz could be effectively used to a set of FSCV data for removing drifting patterns while preserving the temporal kinetics of the phasic dopamine response recorded in vivo. In addition, compared to a drift removal method using principal component analysis, this was found to be significantly more effective in reducing drift (unpaired t-test p<0.0001, t=10.88) when applied to data collected from tris buffer over 24 hours although a drift removal method using principal component analysis also showed the effective background drift reduction. The HPF was also applied to 5 hours of FSCV in vivo data. Electrically evoked dopamine peaks, observed in the nucleus accumbens, were clearly visible even without background subtraction. This technique provides a new, simple, and yet robust, approach to analyse FSCV data with unstable background.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A baseline drift detrending technique for fast scan cyclic voltammetry

DeWaele

Park

et al. 2017

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“…Resultant data was filtered as previously described. 41 The RMS noise for uncoated carbon fibers was 80 ± 30 pA. LD PEDOT:Nafion-coated electrodes had a statistically significant decrease in noise to 30 ± 10 pA (Student’s t-test, n = 15 electrodes, P < 0.01), while HD PEDOT:Nafion-coated electrodes showed a statistically significant increase to 100 ± 40 pA (Student’s t-test, n = 3 electrodes, P < 0.01).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocompatible PEDOT:Nafion Composite Electrode Coatings for Selective Detection of Neurotransmitters in Vivo

et al. 2015

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A Nafion and PEDOT-containing composite polymer has been electropolymerized on carbon-fiber microelectrodes with the goal of creating a mechanically stable, robust, and controllable electrode coating that increases the selectivity and sensitivity of in vivo electrochemical measurements. The coating is deposited on carbon-fiber microelectrodes by applying a triangle waveform from + 1.5 V to −0.8 V and back in a dilute solution of ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and Nafion in acetonitrile. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that the coating is uniform and ~100 nm thick. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) demonstrated that both sulfur and fluorine are present in the coating, indicating the incorporation of PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Nafion. Two types of PEDOT:Nafion coated electrodes were then analyzed electrochemically. PEDOT:Nafion-coated electrodes made using 200 µM EDOT exhibit a 10–90 response time of 0.46 ± 0.09 seconds vs. 0.45 ± 0.11 seconds for an uncoated fiber in response to a 1.0 µM bolus of dopamine. The electrodes coated using a higher EDOT concentration (400 µM) are slower with a 10–90 response time of 0.84 ± 0.19 seconds, but display increased sensitivity to dopamine, at 46 ± 13 nA/µM, compared to 26 ± 6 nA/µM for the electrodes coated in 200 µM EDOT and 13 ± 2 nA/µM for an uncoated fiber. PEDOT:Nafion-coated electrodes were lowered into the nucleus accumbens of a rat, and both spontaneous and electrically evoked dopamine release were measured. In addition to improvements in sensitivity and selectivity, the coating dramatically reduces acute in vivo biofouling.

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“…The first scan following the controlled adsorption period includes signal from adsorbed dopamine and contains a large interference from the background change induced by the interruption of waveform application, complicating quantification of low levels of dopamine. In the previous in vitro study, following zero-phase filtering, 24 this background was removed using convolution theory 22 which provided more accurate results when compared to a simple subtraction. 23 Here, because of the differences in the shape of the in vivo background, matching the chemical composition of the brain environment in vitro is challenging.…”

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confidence: 99%