Resynthesizing of lithium cobalt oxide from spent lithium-ion batteries using an environmentally benign and economically viable recycling process

Anwani, Sandeep; Methekar, Ravi; Ramadesigan, Venkatasailanathan

doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105430

Cited by 33 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…28 The solid-toliquid mass ratio is comparable to the state-of-the-art hydrometallurgical cobalt extraction from LiBs. 29 The nonlinear temperature dependence of the extraction efficiency prompted an investigation of the mechanism of the NMU-A extraction of cobalt from LCO. A series of UV−vis and FT-IR spectroscopic studies revealed that at temperatures above 100 °C, NMU can undergo a condensation reaction to produce a biuret derivative and ammonia (Figure 3), 30 analogous to that of urea.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Efficient Recovery and Recycling of Cobalt from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using an N-Methylurea–Acetamide Nonionic Deep Eutectic Solvent

et al. 2023

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The growing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) for the electronic and automobile industries combined with the limited availability of key metal components, in particular cobalt, drives the need for efficient methods for the recovery and recycling of these materials from battery waste. Herein, we introduce a novel and efficient approach for the extraction of cobalt, and other metal components, from spent LiBs using a nonionic deep eutectic solvent (ni-DES) comprised of N-methylurea and acetamide under relatively mild conditions. Cobalt could be recovered from lithium cobalt oxide-based LiBs with an extraction efficiency of >97% and used to fabricate new batteries. The N-methylurea was found to act as both a solvent component and a reagent, the mechanism of which was elucidated.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Efficient Recovery and Recycling of Cobalt from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using an N-Methylurea–Acetamide Nonionic Deep Eutectic Solvent

et al. 2023

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“…For 3 g untreated positive electrode materials, the total process consumption of recovering cobalt oxalate was $0.59 and $0.67 for acid leaching and baking processes, respectively. Recently, Anwani et al ( 2020b ) reported the cost calculation of waste lithium ion batteries treated by acid leaching once again. According to the type of acid used in the process, the calculation for 10 g of untreated positive electrode material in 250 mL acid solution was carried out respectively.…”

Section: The Methods Of Recovering Lithium Ion Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Current Process for the Recycling of Spent Lithium Ion Batteries

et al. 2020

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With the development of electric vehicles involving lithium ion batteries as energy storage devices, the demand for lithium ion batteries in the whole industry is increasing, which is bound to lead to a large number of lithium ion batteries in the problem of waste, recycling and reuse. If not handled properly, it will certainly have a negative impact on the environment and resources. Current commercial lithium ion batteries mainly contain transition metal oxides or phosphates, aluminum, copper, graphite, organic electrolytes containing harmful lithium salts, and other chemicals. Therefore, the recycling and reuse of spent lithium ion batteries has been paid more and more attention by many researchers. However, due to the high energy density, high safety and low price of lithium ion batteries have great differences and diversity, the recycling of waste lithium ion batteries has great difficulties. This paper reviews the latest development of the recovery technology of waste lithium ion batteries, including the development of recovery process and products. In addition, the challenges and future economic and application prospects are described.

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“…The total lifecycle material resources required for lithium batteries, for instance can exceed the weight of the battery itself by nearly 200 times (Kosai et al, 2020). Demand for lithium may surpass supply already by the mid‐2020s (Anwani et al, 2020; Wanger, 2011). Most environmental considerations of electric batteries to date has been of performance during operation but production can be carbon costly, for example a 1 kWh Li‐ion battery may cost more than 400 kWh (75 kg CO 2 , the equivalent of 35 L of petrol) to manufacture (Larcher & Tarascon, 2015).…”

Section: Climate Change Mitigation Actions That Risk Harming Biodiver...mentioning

confidence: 99%

How do we best synergize climate mitigation actions to co‐benefit biodiversity?

Smith

Arneth

Barnes

et al. 2022

Global Change Biology

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A multitude of actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore natural and modified ecosystems can have co‐benefits for both climate mitigation and biodiversity conservation. Reducing greenhouse emissions to limit warming to less than 1.5 or 2°C above preindustrial levels, as outlined in the Paris Agreement, can yield strong co‐benefits for land, freshwater and marine biodiversity and reduce amplifying climate feedbacks from ecosystem changes. Not all climate mitigation strategies are equally effective at producing biodiversity co‐benefits, some in fact are counterproductive. Moreover, social implications are often overlooked within the climate‐biodiversity nexus. Protecting biodiverse and carbon‐rich natural environments, ecological restoration of potentially biodiverse and carbon‐rich habitats, the deliberate creation of novel habitats, taking into consideration a locally adapted and meaningful (i.e. full consequences considered) mix of these measures, can result in the most robust win‐win solutions. These can be further enhanced by avoidance of narrow goals, taking long‐term views and minimizing further losses of intact ecosystems. In this review paper, we first discuss various climate mitigation actions that evidence demonstrates can negatively impact biodiversity, resulting in unseen and unintended negative consequences. We then examine climate mitigation actions that co‐deliver biodiversity and societal benefits. We give examples of these win‐win solutions, categorized as ‘protect, restore, manage and create’, in different regions of the world that could be expanded, upscaled and used for further innovation.

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Resynthesizing of lithium cobalt oxide from spent lithium-ion batteries using an environmentally benign and economically viable recycling process

Cited by 33 publications

References 53 publications

Highly Efficient Recovery and Recycling of Cobalt from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using an N-Methylurea–Acetamide Nonionic Deep Eutectic Solvent

Highly Efficient Recovery and Recycling of Cobalt from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using an N-Methylurea–Acetamide Nonionic Deep Eutectic Solvent

The Current Process for the Recycling of Spent Lithium Ion Batteries

How do we best synergize climate mitigation actions to co‐benefit biodiversity?

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