Resveratrol isoforms and conjugates: A review from biosynthesis in plants to elimination from the human body

Abstract

The natural isomers of resveratrol, cis-and trans-resveratrol, are natural phenolic substances synthetized via the shikimate pathway and found in many sources, including grapes, peanuts, blackberries, pistachios, cacao, cranberries, and jackfruits. They have functional and pharmacological properties such as anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective activities. The aim of this article is to review the data published on resveratrol and its isomers, and their biosynthesis in plants, food sources, health and toxic effects, and the excretion of their metabolites. Due to its contribution to the promotion of human health, it is convenient to gather more knowledge about its functional properties, food sources, and the interactions with the human body during the processes of eating, digestion, absorption, biotransformation, and excretion, to combine this information to improve the understanding of these substances.

Solid Dispersions Incorporated into PVP Films for the Controlled Release of Trans-Resveratrol: Development, Physicochemical and In Vitro Characterizations and In Vivo Cutaneous Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation

“…Corticosteroids can lead to a higher susceptibility to skin infections (including acne), skin atrophy, striae, and hirsutism [74]. On the other hand, trans-resveratrol is generally considered safe for use, having fewer and milder side effects reported over the years [2]; thus, being suitable for treating chronic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, and may be helpful in achieving a healthy and healed skin without the side effects observed in more conventional drugs.…”

“…Trans-resveratrol is a phenolic compound and a phytoalexin found in natural sources, including grapes, peanuts, blueberries, and cranberries. It has low toxicity and, when topically administered, can be used as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antimicrobial agent [1][2][3]. As an anti-inflammatory agent, trans-resveratrol can modulate various enzymes, including kinases, lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and sirtuins [4,5].…”

Transcriptomic and Weighted Gene Co-expression Correlation Network Analysis Reveal Resveratrol Biosynthesis Mechanisms Caused by Bud Sport in Grape Berry

“…In recent years, the accumulation of resveratrol induced by biotic and abiotic stresses, such as pathogen attack and plant hormones, has been demonstrated by many studies (Belhadj et al, 2008;Schnee et al, 2008;D'Onofrio et al, 2009). WRKY, MYB, bZIP, and ERF transcription factors have been involved in regulating STS genes to increase the resveratrol content (Riccio et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2020). In addition, PRXs genes also have been reported to participate in regulating stilbene synthesis (Park et al, 2021).…”

Antioxidant Activity of Resveratrol Diastereomeric Forms Assayed in Fluorescent-Engineered Human Keratinocytes

“…Resveratrol is characterized by two phenolic rings joined by a styrene double bond, with hydroxyls in position 3 and 5 of the first ring and 4 of the second ring [ 30 ]. Resveratrol is a low molecular weight molecule of 228 Dalton [ 31 ]. It exists in two diastereomeric forms, cis- and trans-, and its isomerization from the trans- to cis-form is favored by exposure to UV radiation [ 32 ].…”