Field robotics is a large and diverse research area which deals with mobile robots of different types that operate in unstructured and often dynamic environments. We have already studied underwater robots and space robots in the previous chapters, so we will focus on land-based robots. Most robots that operate on land use wheels for locomotion, so in this chapter we will mainly focus on wheeled robots. Also legged robots are being developed, and are found especially in research and education. Legged robots are particularly efficient in rough and uneven terrain but have yet to reach the same level of utility as their wheeled counterparts. Snake robots are also being used in research and education and are expected to play an important role in field robotics in the future Liljebäck et al. (2013).Field robotics is a large and diverse research area that include topics such as mechanical design, locomotion and actuation, sensor technology, mapping and navigation, perception, and the control of the robot, possibly with some level of autonomy and cognition. Most of these topics are outside the scope of this book, and we refer to other references such as Siegwart and Nourbakhsh (2004), Dudek and Jenkin (2000), and Choset et al. (2005). In this chapter we will focus on the mechanical design and the kinematic and dynamic modeling of these robots.
IntroductionField robots are mainly used for operation of plants and fields that cover large areas, such as in agriculture and environmental mapping, or for exploration tasks in remotely located areas, such as deserts and distant planets (Lazinica 2006). Common for these robots is that they tend to have a high degree of autonomy and are often only supervised or partially controlled by an operator.One promising application area for field robots is agricultural automation (Ceccarelli 2012). Because of the large geographical areas that these fields cover and the extremely repetitive tasks that need to be performed, vehicle-manipulator systems are well suited for agricultural applications. Agricultural robots are normally P.J. From et al., Vehicle-Manipulator Systems, Advances in Industrial Control,