Results of laboratory testing for diphacinone in seawater, fish, invertebrates, and soil following aerial application of rodenticide on Lehua Island, Kauai County, Hawaii, January 2009

Orazio, Carl E.; Tanner, Michael; Swenson, Chris; Herod, J.J.; Dunlevy, Peter; Gale, Robert W.

doi:10.3133/ofr20091142

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(1 reference statement)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Toxicant residue from brodifacoum and diphacinone bait products does not appear to be readily incorporated or retained in either of Palmyra's two primary soil types. The results of this current study are in agreement with other findings (Morgan and Wright 1996, Ogilvie et al 1997, Orazio et al 2009) that suggest rodenticides used in broadcast eradications do not transfer high concentrations of toxicants to soil, even in warm, moist conditions where the degradation of bait matrices is rapid. The active ingredients in rodenticides are known for the potential to persist in the environment (Primus et al 2005, Sage et al 2007, Fisher et al 2011), but the low concentration used in bait pellets limits their potential for significant environmental contamination.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Toxicants deployed during campaigns to control or eradicate invasive rodents may persist in the environment, creating potential exposure pathways for non-target organisms. Anticoagulants are the most widely used rodenticides worldwide (Eason et al 2002, Hoare andHare 2006); however, the migration of toxicants from the bait matrix into soil, and the persistence of toxicant in soil mediums, has rarely been studied in laboratory (Newby and White 1978, Jackson et al 1991, Hall and Priestly 1992, Jackson and Ashton 1992, or in natural settings (Ogilvie et al 1997, Orazio et al 2009, Fisher et al 2011.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Migration of Brodifacoum and Diphacinone from Bait Pellets Into Topsoil at Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge

Alifano¹,

Wegmann²,

Puschner³

et al. 2012

vertebrate_pest_conference

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Between June 1 and 30, 2011, a partnership between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, The Nature Conservancy, and Island Conservation successfully implemented a project to remove introduced black rats from Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge. Prior to the rat eradication, we assessed several environmental risk factors associated with the application of an anticoagulant rodenticide to Palmyra's emergent land area. Here, we present the findings from a study of toxicant migration from bait pellets into topsoil. Topsoil from plots characterized as "sandy" or "humus" was collected after exposure to bait pellets containing 50 ppm of diphacinone or 25 ppm of brodifacoum. Brodifacoum and diphacinone were detected in samples of both sandy and organic topsoil while control samples collected outside of the study plots tested negative for both toxicants. With both toxicants, residue concentrations decreased with time and neither toxicant was detected in most of the 28, 36, and 50-day samples; trace amounts (≤0.2 ppm for brodifacoum and ≤2 ppm for diphacinone) of the toxicants were detected in a few samples from these groupings. We did not find a significant difference in toxicant concentrations between the two types of topsoil. The results from this study suggest that following a broadcast of rodenticide across Palmyra's emergent land area, small amounts of brodifacoum or diphacinone would migrate to, and remain in, Palmyra's topsoil for a short period of time.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migration of Brodifacoum and Diphacinone from Bait Pellets Into Topsoil at Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge

Alifano¹,

Wegmann²,

Puschner³

et al. 2012

vertebrate_pest_conference

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Island within one week of bait application (Orazio et al 2009). Monitoring after a bait trial in 7 2010 on Palmyra Atoll found less than two ppm of diphacinone in the soil after 28, 36, and 50 8 day samples .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Burrowing Owl Diet at a Migratory Stopover Site and Wintering Ground on Southeast Farallon Island, California

Chandler

Tietz²,

Bradley³

et al. 2016

Journal of Raptor Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Diphacinone was not detected by either laboratory in any of the Mōkapu or Lehua samples that were collected after the aerial broadcast of the diphacinone rodenticide (Orazio et al 2009, Primus 2009. Inter-laboratory analysis of duplicate samples corroborates the finding that diphacinone was not present in the marine environment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Nontarget Risk and Environmental Fate of the Broadcast Application of a Diphacinone Rodenticide at Mōkapu and Lehua Islands, Hawai'i

Dunlevy¹,

Catherine²

2010

vertebrate_pest_conference

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Invasive commensal rodents such as Rattus spp. and Mus spp. imperil many threatened and endangered native species including plants, invertebrates and birds within Hawai'i and U.S. territories and possessions in the Pacific. In some cases, the eradication or control of invasive rodents could allow natural recovery and active restoration of native species and ecosystems negatively impacted. The broad scale application of rodenticides is a necessary management tool for this purpose, but it is highly controversial to the public and regulatory agencies. There is great perceived and actual risk of nontarget mortality and environmental contamination. One of the conservation uses of rodenticides registered in Hawai'i is the aerial broadcast of rodenticide bait over large areas of native ecosystems on the main Hawai'ian islands, repeated periodically to maintain reduced rodent population levels. Recognizing that the success of this program depends on public and regulatory support, a coalition of state and federal agencies and private landowners have carefully designed Hawai'i's rodent control program to minimize short-and longterm environmental impacts. In the early 1990s, diphacinone was selected as the primary rodenticide for conservation uses in Hawai'i because of its long track record of safe and effective use in agriculture worldwide. Hawai'i's program has 5 components: research on efficacy and environmental impacts, regulatory compliance, developing and using local technical expertise, monitoring of rodenticide impacts and native species recovery and public outreach and engagement, particularly at the community level. After many years of generating the efficacy and safety data in support of regulatory approval by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the State of Hawai'i, a diphacinone product (Diphacinone-50, Hacco, Inc., Randolph, WI) was approved in 2007 for conservation uses in the U.S. Subsequently, rodenticide pellets containing the active ingredient diphacinone at 0.005% (50 ppm) were broadcast by helicopter in February 2008 on Mōkapu and in January 2009 on Lehua. Mōkapu was the first island in the world where the aerial broadcast of this less hazardous active ingredient was used to eradicate rats. Island eradications in other parts of the world have usually used broad-spectrum active ingredients that are far more persistent and bioaccumulative, thus imparting a much higher risk to nontarget species and the environment. Monitoring of nontarget and environmental effects on Mōkapu and Lehua did not detect diphacinone residues. A number of factors, including state of Hawai'i restrictions on bait entering the ocean, led to rats surviving on Lehua. These projects demonstrate that the aerial broadcast of a rodenticide containing diphacinone can be an effective and safer tool for conservation. Hawai'i is using the results from Mōkapu and Lehua to plan future rat eradication and control projects and continue development of a long-term program.

show abstract

Results of laboratory testing for diphacinone in seawater, fish, invertebrates, and soil following aerial application of rodenticide on Lehua Island, Kauai County, Hawaii, January 2009

Abstract: Island. The limits of detection for diphacinone were 0.4 nanograms per milliliter (parts per billion) seawater, 15 nanograms per gram (dry weight) soil, 20 nanograms per gram (parts per billion) fish fillet, 13 nanograms per gram whole crab, and 34 nanograms per gram soft tissue limpet.

Cited by 4 publications

References 6 publications

Migration of Brodifacoum and Diphacinone from Bait Pellets Into Topsoil at Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge

Migration of Brodifacoum and Diphacinone from Bait Pellets Into Topsoil at Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge

Burrowing Owl Diet at a Migratory Stopover Site and Wintering Ground on Southeast Farallon Island, California

Nontarget Risk and Environmental Fate of the Broadcast Application of a Diphacinone Rodenticide at Mōkapu and Lehua Islands, Hawai'i

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About