Results of an Agent-Based Market Simulation for Transferable Development Rights (TDR) in Switzerland

Abstract

Transferable development rights (TDR) are discussed or applied in various countries for a wide variety of purposes: notably to increase building densities, preserve natural areas, compensate reduced development possibilities, and control land use in rural areas. In Switzerland, TDR, a market-oriented planning instrument, might be used to reduce the land-use problems related to the unsustainable development of the settlement areas and to manage problems with the spatially imbalanced supply and demand of existing undeveloped building zones. Our aim is to briefly introduce a TDR market concept for Switzerland, present an empirically calibrated agent-based TDR market simulation, and finally analyze the detailed simulation results. We ran the simulation with four different settings which allowed an analysis of relevant political and economic questions for Switzerland. The results show that the TDR prices were comparable with existing land prices in Switzerland. In addition, we are able to show that with the trade of TDR it would be possible to downzone 11.4 km 2 of building zone land for which there is no demand and to develop 7.4 km 2 of new building zone land up to the year 2018. Consequently, the defined building zone area would decrease, which would be in line with political objectives.

KAJIAN PENERAPAN KONSEP TDRs SKEMA KOMPENSASI NON FINANSIAL PADA KAWASAN KUMUH DI KELURAHAN SEKAYU

“…Fleksibel; TDR sangat fleksibel dalam pelaksanaannya, tidak hanya untuk mencapai suatu tujuan tertentu, namun bisa dimanfaatkan untuk banyak tujuan perencanaan. Kompensasi non finansial sebagai instrumen perencanaan modern berakar pada konsep TDR Amerika mencakup semua situasi di mana pemerintah harus memberi kompensasi kepada pemilik tanah karena kehilangan kesempatan atau usahanya, tetapi memilih untuk tidak melakukannya dengan penggantian dalam bentuk nominal uang, tetapi dengan memberinya kesempatan membangun baru yang dapat dijual atau digunakan (Aken et al, 2008;Chan & Hou, 2014;Linkous, 2017;Menghini, Gemperle, Seidl, & Axhausen, 2015;Nelson et al, 2013). Kompensasi tersebut juga ada ketika pemerintah selaku otoritas perencanaan memberikan kompensasi atau insentif bagi pengembang untuk mewujudkan tujuan perencanaan tertentu baik di tanah mereka atau di tanah orang lain dengan menciptakan hak pengembangan yang dapat digunakan atau dijual Beberapa pelaksanaan yang sudah dilaksanakan di beberapa Negara terkait TDR skema kompensasi non finansial adalah Jepang dengan distrik Marunouchi pada tahun 1986-1991, Korea Selatan pada Isoo Stasion tahun 2003 dengan mengembangkan kawasan kumuh nya, dan Spanyol di kawasan Prriols Valencia yang dimulai pada tahun 1988 dan selesai tahun 2001.…”

Valuable habitat and low deforestation can reduce biodiversity gains from development rights markets

“…Quotas place a rigid, legal limit on the extent and magnitude on destructive economic activities with the aim of reducing the overall impact of, for example, fishing (Branch, ), hunting (Whitman, Starfield, Quadling, & Packer, ), greenhouse gas emissions (Springer, ) or deforestation (Corbera & Schroeder, ). In areas with a significant threat of land‐use change, Tradeable Development Rights (TDR) can be allocated to landowners, stipulating the proportion of their land that can legally be developed (Harman, Pruetz, & Houston, ; Menghini, Gemperle, Seidl, & Axhausen, ; Pruetz & Standridge, ). Landholders must decide whether to meet their development allowance and conservation requirements on their property, or sell their development rights to other landholders (Wissel & Waetzold, ).…”

“…Tradeable Development Rights (TDR) can be allocated to landowners, stipulating the proportion of their land that can legally be developed (Harman, Pruetz, & Houston, 2015;Menghini, Gemperle, Seidl, & Axhausen, 2015;Pruetz & Standridge, 2008). Landholders must decide whether to meet their development allowance and conservation requirements on their property, or sell their development rights to other landholders (Wissel & Waetzold, 2010).…”

Tradable development rights under uncertainty: an experimental approach

“…At the same time, a similarly large body of overview studies for heterogeneous institutional and social contexts has been presented, providing determinants of successful implementations of TDR (for studies based on qualitative measures, see e.g. Santos et al, 2015;Harman et al, 2015;Kaplowitz et al, 2008;Machemer and Kaplowitz, 2002;Pruetz and Standridge, 1999;Danner, 1997; studies primarily using quantitative measures include Menghini et al, 2015;Kopits et al, 2008;Lynch and Musser, 2001;Lynch and Lovell, 2003). While an overall consensus has been established in the literature concerning a number of success factors of TDR systems (such as strong demand for additional development zones and receiving areas customized to the demands of the respective communities (Pruetz and Standridge, 2009)), we argue that these conclusions remain closely tied to specific regional and institutional contexts.…”