Results of a plague investigation in Kenya

Heisch, R. B.; Grainger, W. E.; D'Souza, Jeff

doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(53)80004-0

Cited by 27 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The map shows classiWcation assignments conducted at Wve arc minute (5Ј = 0.0833°o r »86 km 2 at equator) and is available in interactive form from the Encyclopedia of Earth, viewable maps in Google Earth and Microsoft Virtual Earth (http://www.eoearth.org/ article/Anthropogenic_biome_maps) or in GIS format (http://www.ecotope.org). Ellis and Ramankutty (2008) deWne four major anthropocentric biomes, namely wildlands, Table 1 Continental distribution and biome classiWcation of sites used in comparative analysis of anthropogenic disturbance and Xea vector assemblage characteristics 1 Achuthan and Chandrahas (1971), 2 Bakr et al (1996), 3 Carrion (1930, 4 Chenchijtikul et al (1983), 5 Cole and Koepke (1946), 6 Cole and Koepke (1947a), 7 Deguisti and Hartley (1965), 8 Gaadoub et al (1982), 9 Geevarghese et al (1998), 10 Khalid et al (1992, 11 Liat et al (1980), 12 Linardi et al (1994, 13 Njunwa (1989) (2003), 28 Chenchijtikul et al (1983), 29 Durden and Page (1991), 30 Hastriter et al (2004), 31 Eads and Campos (1983), 32 Heisch et al (1953), 33 Jurik (1983, 34 Lareschi and Iori (1998), 35 Lareschi et al (2003), 36 Liat et al (1980), 37 Luyon and Salibay (2007), 38 Mahdi et al (1971), 39 Nava et al (2003), 40 Schwan (1986), 41 Shayan andRaWnejad (2006), 42 Shepard et al (1983), 43 …”

Section: Classiwcation Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Where possible we pooled data from multiple surveys within a single biome and disturbance level. Seven studies (Adler et al 2001;Bengston et al 1986;Chenchijtikul et al 1983;Heisch et al 1953;Liat et al 1980;and Stunstov et al 1997) reported surveys from more than one disturbance class. For these studies each distinct survey was analyzed as an independent sample, yielding three sites for Heisch et al (1953) and two sites for each of the other studies.…”

Section: Classiwcation Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, 59Grave et al (1974), 60 Haas et al (1973), 61 Harrison (1954,62 Hastriter et al (2004),63 Heisch et al (1953),64 Holdenried and Morlan (1956),65 Krasnov et al (1997), 66 Medina et al (2006), 67 O'Farrell (1975,68 Poorbaugh and Gier (1961), 69 Shoukry et al (1993), 70 US Army Env. Hygiene Agency…”

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confidence: 99%

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Anthropogenic disturbance and the risk of flea-borne disease transmission

Friggens

Beier

2010

Oecologia

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Anthropogenic disturbance may lead to the spread of vector-borne diseases through effects on pathogens, vectors, and hosts. Identifying the type and extent of vector response to habitat change will enable better and more accurate management strategies for anthropogenic disease spread. We compiled and analyzed data from published empirical studies to test for patterns among flea and small mammal diversity, abundance, several measures of flea infestation, and host specificity in 70 small mammal communities of five biomes and three levels of human disturbance: remote/wild areas, agricultural areas, and urban areas. Ten of 12 mammal and flea characteristics showed a significant effect of disturbance category (six), biome (four), or both (two). Six variables had a significant interaction effect. For mammal-flea communities in forest habitats (39 of the 70 communities), disturbance affected all 12 characteristics. Overall, flea and mammal richness were higher in remote versus urban sites. Most measures of flea infestation, including percent of infested mammals and fleas/mammal and fleas/mammal species increased with increasing disturbance or peaked at intermediate levels of disturbance. In addition, host use increased, and the number of specialist fleas decreased, as human disturbance increased. Of the three most common biomes (forest, grassland/savanna, desert), deserts were most sensitive to disturbance. Finally, sites of intermediate disturbance were most diverse and exhibited characteristics associated with increased disease spread. Anthropogenic disturbance was associated with conditions conducive to increased transmission of flea-borne diseases.

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Section: Classiwcation Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Classiwcation Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anthropogenic disturbance and the risk of flea-borne disease transmission

Friggens

Beier

2010

Oecologia

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“…In southern Africa, the primary source of human infection is from domestic rodents such as R. rattus and peridomestic such as M. natalensis (Bahmanyar and Cavanaugh 1976, Service 1986, Stevenson 1987. Xenopsylla brasiliensis has been reported to be the most common flea species on rodents in southern and eastern Africa and an efficient vector of plague (Heisch et al 1953, Haeselbarth et al 1966, Lewis 1972, Kilonzo and Mhina 1982, WHO 1983.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Abundance of Plague Vector Xenopsylla brasiliensis from Rodents Captured in Three Habitat Types of Periurban Suburbs of Harare, Zimbabwe

Zimba¹,

Pfukenyi

Loveridge

et al. 2011

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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The study was aimed at determining the seasonal abundance of Xenopsylla brasiliensis, an important vector of plague in Zimbabwe, from rodent hosts captured in selected habitat types of two periurban suburbs of Harare, Zimbabwe. The removal-trapping method was used to capture the rodents, from which fleas were collected and identified. Percentage incidence index (PII) and specific flea index (SFI) were calculated for X. brasiliensis in relation to rodent species host. Mastomys natalensis, Rattus rattus, Tatera leucogaster, and Rhabdomys pumilio were the rodent species present in the study areas and all species were infested with X. brasiliensis. PII for T. leucogaster in relation to X. brasiliensis was significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared with that of the other rodent species and T. leucogaster also recorded the highest SFI, whereas R. pumilio recorded the lowest indices. In both formal and informal settlements, the highest PII of X. brasiliensis was attained for M. natalensis, followed by R. rattus. In the cultivated habitat, T. leucogaster recorded the highest indices and R. pumilio the lowest. X. brasiliensis was found to cohabitat with Dinopsyllus lypusus and Ctenophthalmus calceatus on M. natalensis, R. rattus, and T. leucogaster. No cohabitation was recorded for R. pumilio. For all the rodent species captured, both the PII and SFI of X. brasiliensis were highest during the hot-dry season, followed by the hot-wet season, with the cold-dry season recording the lowest indices. The overall cohabitation was highest during the hot-dry season and lowest during the hot-wet season. The findings of the present study fit the reported occurrence of plague outbreaks during the hot-dry season in periurban Zimbabwe.

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“…and Mastomys spp. in Kenya (Heisch, Grainger & D'Souza, 1953) and Meriones spp. in Iran (Baltazard et al 1960) are held to be primarily responsible for the persistance of the organism.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 97%