Results from Surveys of Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Offices and Restaurants

Oldaker, Guy B.; Perfetti, Paola; Conrad, Fred C.; Conner, J. M.; McBride, Roisin

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-83904-7_11

Cited by 27 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In some cases, states or smaller communities have passed no -smoking ordinances for restaurants or taverns Smith, 1994, 1997;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995 ). Several studies have been conducted to determine ETS levels in restaurants or bars (Thompson et al, 1989;Oldaker et al, 1990;Brunnemann et al, 1992;Collett et al, 1992;Turner et al, 1992;Lambert et al, 1993 ) . However, these studies have been limited to either short -duration area measurements or personal monitoring measurements on surrogatè`c ustomers.''…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in restaurant and tavern workers in one US city

Maskarinec

Jenkins

Counts

et al. 2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Approximately 173 subjects employed as waiters, waitresses, or bartenders in the Knoxville, TN, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area collected a sample of air from their breathing zone while at their workplace for one shift. In addition, area samples were placed near the work spaces of many of the subjects. Collected samples were analyzed for respirable suspended particulate matter ( RSPM ) , ultraviolet -absorbing and fluorescing particulate matter, solanesol, 3 -ethenyl pyridine ( 3 -EP ) , and nicotine. Saliva samples were collected from the subjects prior to and within 24 h following their work shift, to confirm their non -smoking status. The range of concentrations of environmental tobacco smoke ( ETS ) constituents encountered was considerable, e.g., for nicotine, from undetectable to more than 100 g / m 3 . However, the highest RSP levels observed were considerably lower than OSHA workplace standards. Distributions of ETS concentrations suggest that there are two``ETS exposure'' types of bartenders: those that work in single room bars and those that work in larger, multiroom restaurant / bars. Personal exposure to ETS of the former group was ca. 10Â greater than those of the latter group, who were exposed to ETS levels more comparable to those encountered by wait staff. Exposure ( concentrationÂduration ) differences between wait staff and workers in other types of unrestricted smoking environments reported in other studies suggest that exposures in the restaurant environment may be more difficult to assess than originally considered. Salivary cotinine levels indicated that for those subjects living in smoking homes, ETS exposures outside the workplace are at least as important as those in the workplace.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in restaurant and tavern workers in one US city

Maskarinec

Jenkins

Counts

et al. 2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Respirable suspended particle concentrations due to ETS in the chamber averaged 484 pg/m3 with out air cleaners operating. This value is «8-12 times higher than that typically found in restaurants and offices where smoking is per mitted [4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Test Chambermentioning

confidence: 85%

Application of Methods for Evaluating Air Cleaner Performance

Nelson¹,

Sears²,

Heavner³

1993

Indoor Built Environ

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Real-time data obtained with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer were used for both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of air cleaner performance. Differences among air cleaners were evaluated by performing ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni-normalized multiple comparison test on the average concentration of each analyte when the air cleaners were on and off. A mathematical model was developed and applied which permits air cleaner efficiencies and clean air delivery rates to be determined by performing a kinetic analysis of the real-time data for each analyte. This new method for determining clean air delivery rate is broadly applicable to any steady-state concentration data and does not require real-time data for application.

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“…Several studies have determined concentrations of tobaccospecific ETS constituents in office buildings, in most cases focusing on obtaining a few samples in each of a variety of locations. Oldaker et al (1990 ) reported short -duration ( ca. 1 h ) concentrations of nicotine, respirable suspended particulate matter ( RSP ), and ultraviolet light -absorbing particulate matter ( UVPM ) in more than 125 smoking offices in four major cities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental tobacco smoke in an unrestricted smoking workplace: area and personal exposure monitoring

Jenkins

Maskarinec

Counts

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The objective of this investigation was to determine the extent of areal and day -to -day variability of stationary environmental tobacco smoke ( ETS ) concentrations in a single large facility where smoking was both prevalent and unrestricted, and to determine the degree of daily variation in the personal exposure levels of ETS constituents in the same facility. The subject facility was a relatively new four -story office building with an approximate volume of 1.3 million ft 3 . The exchange of outside air in the building was determined to be between 0.6 and 0.7 air changes per hour. Eighty -seven area samples ( excluding background ) were collected at 29 locations over the course of 6 days of sampling. Locations included offices and cubicles occupied by smokers and nonsmokers, common areas, and the computer and mail rooms. Twenty -four nonsmoking subjects wore personal sampling systems to collect breathing zone air samples on each of 3 days in succession. This generated a total of seventy -two 8 -h time -weighted average ( TWA ) personal exposure samples. In all samples, respirable suspended particulate matter, ultraviolet light -absorbing and fluorescing particulate matter, solanesol, nicotine, and 3 -ethenyl pyridine were determined. With the exception of a few locations, tobacco -specific airborne constituents were determined in all samples. Not surprisingly, areas with the highest ETS constituent concentrations were offices and cubicles of smokers. Median and 95th percentile concentrations for all area samples, excluding background, were determined to be 1.5 and 8.7 g / m 3 for nicotine, and 8.2 and 59 g / m 3 for ETS -specific particles ( as solanesol -related particulate matter, Sol -PM ), respectively. Personal exposure concentrations of ETS components were similar to those levels found in the area samples ( median nicotine and Sol -PM concentrations were 1.24 and 7.1 g / m 3 , respectively ), but the range of concentrations was somewhat smaller. For example, the 95th percentile 8 -h TWA nicotine and ETS -specific particle ( as Sol -PM ) concentrations were 3.58 and 21.9 g / m 3 , respectively. Intrasubject variation of daily concentrations ranged from 20% to 60%, depending on the component. Self -reported proximity to smokers was supported by higher ETS concentrations determined from the personal monitors, but only to a modest extent. Although smoking was completely unrestricted inside the main office areas of the facility, ETS levels, either areal or from personal exposure measurements, were lower than those estimated by Occupational Safety and Health Administration to be present in such facilities.

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Results from Surveys of Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Offices and Restaurants

Cited by 27 publications

References 10 publications

Determination of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in restaurant and tavern workers in one US city

Determination of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in restaurant and tavern workers in one US city

Application of Methods for Evaluating Air Cleaner Performance

Environmental tobacco smoke in an unrestricted smoking workplace: area and personal exposure monitoring

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