Restoration and reconstruction of monuments at Bagan (Pagan), Myanmar (Burma), 1995–2008

Hudson, Bob

doi:10.1080/00438240802453195

Cited by 20 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The Bagan Cultural Heritage Site (BCHS) is home to 3822 medieval-aged Buddhist monuments-stupas (solid-type pyramidal structures), temples, and monasteries [10][11][12][13]. The entire Heritage 2019, 2 1749 stretch of the BCHS is 22,809.85 ha, composed of eight monumental zones (MZ), together with other components, and it expands over the eastern and western banks of the Ayeyarwady River [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contemporary Landscape Structure within Monumental Zone-1 at Bagan Cultural Heritage Site, Myanmar

Aung

Shibata

2019

Heritage

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This study examines the contemporary landscape structure of the Monumental Zone (MZ)-1 at the Bagan Cultural Heritage Site in the Dry Zone of Myanmar. With respect to hundreds of medieval monuments, how local residents in the residential areas within the MZ-1 manage the landscape was the focus of the current study, conducted with two objectives: (1) Identifying land covers as features of the contemporary landscape on the basis of land use and (2) evaluating how the features interrelate. The landscape features were identified by the analysis of Landsat 8 satellite imagery, followed by variance analysis for comparison of the features’ areas, and interrelationships of features were evaluated by multivariate analysis. Vegetated features were identified in coexistence with non-vegetated ones, while crop coverage and non-vegetated features were smaller than the area of the other two vegetated features. Semi-natural woody vegetation was found in proximity to monuments and was dependent on the occurrence of the shrub-prone patch that, in turn, was triggered by the expansion of exposed land containing a large segment of cultivatable area. The current study suggests the need to prioritise timely land use and management, focusing on local agricultural activity for safeguarding the heritage as well as the historical settings.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contemporary Landscape Structure within Monumental Zone-1 at Bagan Cultural Heritage Site, Myanmar

Aung

Shibata

2019

Heritage

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“…Aerial photographs of 13 random locations in MZ-1 were taken with a drone (DJI Phantom 4 Pro) during the rainy season from 9 to 18 September 2018, except in rainy and overly cloudy conditions, in order to sharply detect vegetation canopy and components in the sacred compounds. The selection of the location was through a check of the monument clusters appeared in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries A.D. based on previous archaeological studies [16,18,33]. The coordinates of the home points for take-off and landing were marked with a handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) unit (Oregon ® 700, Garmin Ltd., Kansas, USA) in the World Geodetic System (WGS84) and accessed via Google Earth Maps (2 m resolution, UNES/Airbus) during a field survey.…”

Section: Aerial Photography and Field Operationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a historical context, the hinterland area was a site where constructions of gigantic temples and monastic structures with broad ground-plan (50 m and above) during the 12th and 13th centuries A.D. [18,26]. It seemed that the religious buildings built in the 11th century A.D., which were of smaller size (12 m or less ground-plan), had populated the riverside, thereby pushing later constructions eastward to the hinterland.…”

Section: Components Integrating Into Sacred Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bagan today represents the cultural landscape developed through anthropogenic activities such as settlements, constructions of religious buildings, and agricultural works from the Pre-Bagan period to the current age. Documentations on scattered residential sites around MZ-1, temple constructions in various eras, and agricultural land use in the history supported this statement [16][17][18][19]21]. Since the ancient times, settlers in Bagan had cultivated sesamum, sorghum, and millet under the dry-zone climate of Myanmar [23,24].…”

Section: Socio-cultural Implications Of Scrub Vegetationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Bagan area of Myanmar, archaeological surveys documented that residential sites were dotted around the Old City dating back from the 13th to 7th centuries A.D. [16,17]. During the zenith of Bagan (11th-13th centuries A.D.), constructions of various-sized religious buildings erected typical solid-core stupa (a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing relics with pyramidal or bulbous shapes), temples, and monasteries [18,19]. Dedicated to the school of Buddhism, donors of the religious buildings also offered acres of arable land to provide in-kind payment for maintenance of the architectural structures and food for monks [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vegetation Conditions in Sacred Compounds at Myanmar’s Bagan Cultural Heritage Site

Aung

Shibata

2019

Heritage

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Scrub vegetation encroaches into the proximity of many monuments at Myanmar’s Bagan Cultural Heritage Site, as can be seen at many other monuments on the world. The extensiveness of scrub vegetation can interfere with the integrity of the cultural landscape when ignored by site management. The current study examined how significant the occurrence of scrub vegetation might be, quantifying the canopy coverage with relative occupancy of other components in the sacred compounds. The sacred compounds in Bagan enclose religious monuments in environments classified as farmland, monastic residences, accessways, shrub-hosting areas, and scrub vegetation. The coverage of scrub vegetation was more than a quarter of the area of sacred compounds, whereas that of shrub-hosting patches was about half. The other components occupied less than one-fifth of the area. The associated occurrence of scrub vegetation indicated the invasion of alien species from the drier hinterland to the riverside of Ayeyarwady. While such a situation reveals site management as a priority, the presence of cultivated farmland in the vicinity of monuments represented suppression of weedy growth that may later facilitate the occurrence of scrub-type plants. This study suggests cultivation as a reasonable practice for the integrity of the cultural landscape and safeguarding the monuments in Bagan.

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Myanmar (Burma): Archaeological Heritage and Its Management

Hudson

2020

Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology

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Restoration and reconstruction of monuments at Bagan (Pagan), Myanmar (Burma), 1995–2008

Cited by 20 publications

References 2 publications

Contemporary Landscape Structure within Monumental Zone-1 at Bagan Cultural Heritage Site, Myanmar

Contemporary Landscape Structure within Monumental Zone-1 at Bagan Cultural Heritage Site, Myanmar

Vegetation Conditions in Sacred Compounds at Myanmar’s Bagan Cultural Heritage Site

Myanmar (Burma): Archaeological Heritage and Its Management

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