Restless Legs Syndrome and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a Review of the Literature

Cortese, Samuele; Konofal, Éric; Lecendreux, Michel; Arnulf, Isabelle; Mouren, Marie Christine; Darra, Francesca; Bernardina, Bernardo Dalla

doi:10.1093/sleep/28.8.1007

Cited by 296 publications

(254 citation statements)

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“…Two of the four ADHD probands with PTPRD deletions reported symptoms consistent with restless legs syndrome (RLS), which shares high rates of bidirectional comorbidity as well as dopaminergic dysfunction with ADHD. 33,34 Intriguingly, a recent genome-wide association study has implicated PTPRD as a locus for RLS. 35 Moreover, genetic variants of PTPRD associate with bronchial asthma, 36 which is reported to occur at higher rates in children with ADHD, 37 and RLS patients have been shown to have increased use of asthma medications.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare structural variants found in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are preferentially associated with neurodevelopmental genes

et al. 2009

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and highly heritable disorder, but specific genetic factors underlying risk remain elusive. To assess the role of structural variation in ADHD, we identified 222 inherited copy number variations (CNVs) within 335 ADHD patients and their parents that were not detected in 2026 unrelated healthy individuals. Although no excess CNVs, either deletions or duplications, were found in the ADHD cohort relative to controls, the inherited rare CNV-associated gene set was significantly enriched for genes reported as candidates in studies of autism, schizophrenia and Tourette syndrome, including A2BP1, AUTS2, CNTNAP2 and IMMP2L. The ADHD CNV gene set was also significantly enriched for genes known to be important for psychological and neurological functions, including learning, behavior, synaptic transmission and central nervous system development. Four independent deletions were located within the protein tyrosine phosphatase gene, PTPRD, recently implicated as a candidate gene for restless legs syndrome, which frequently presents with ADHD. A deletion within the glutamate receptor gene, GRM5, was found in an affected parent and all three affected offspring whose ADHD phenotypes closely resembled those of the GRM5 null mouse. Together, these results suggest that rare inherited structural variations play an important role in ADHD development and indicate a set of putative candidate genes for further study in the etiology of ADHD.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare structural variants found in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are preferentially associated with neurodevelopmental genes

et al. 2009

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“…In fact, previous studies have shown that all of these conditions might co-occur frequently (Cortese et al 2005). In this study, our aim was to investigate the relationship among iron stores (indicated by serum ferritin), iron deficiency and RLS in children and adolescents with ADHD.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Association between Low Serum Ferritin and Restless Legs Syndrome in Patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Öner¹,

Dirik²,

Taner

et al. 2007

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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Attention defi cit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder characterized by pervasive inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. It has been suggested that ADHD symptoms are associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS), which is a neurological condition that is defi ned by an irresistible urge to move the legs. Increasing evidence suggests iron deficiency may underlie common pathophysiological mechanisms in subjects with ADHD and with RLS. To further defi ne the relationship between iron defi ciency and RLS in children and adolescents with ADHD, we evaluated 87 ADHD subjects: 79 boys and 8 girls with age 9.3 ± 2.5 years (6-16 years). Various psychopathologies and the severity of the ADHD symptoms and serum ferritin levels were assessed. Diagnosis of RLS was made according to the International RLS Group criteria. The patients were evaluated for the iron defi ciency (ferritin < 12 ng/ml). RLS was found in 29 (33.3%) of the 87 ADHD subjects. Parentand teacher-rated behavioral and emotional problems and the severity of ADHD symptoms were not signifi cantly different between ADHD subjects with RLS and those without RLS (n = 58). The rate of iron defi ciency was signifi cantly higher in ADHD subjects with RLS (n = 6, 20.7%) when compared with ADHD subjects without RLS (n = 1, 1.7%, p = 0.005). Our results showed that depleted iron stores might increase the risk of having RLS in ADHD subjects. Iron defi ciency, which is associated with both ADHD and RLS, seems to be an important modifying factor in the relationship between these two conditions. restless legs syndrome; attention defi cit hyperactivity disorder; iron defi ciency; ferritin; dopamine

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“…Most studies of RLS focus on the adult population, although about 38 % of adults with RLS in one series reported a history of symptom onset before the age of 20 years of age [95], and recent prevalence estimates of pediatric RLS in the general population are about 1.9-2 % of children and adolescents in the U.S. and U.K., with 25-50 % reporting moderate to severe symptoms [96]. Low ferritin levels, a positive family history in the majority [96], and/or ADHD [97,98] or other mood disturbances have been identified as associations at diagnosis [99,100]. Furthermore, despite the conventional differentiation between RLS and periodic limb movement (PLM) disorder, PLMs are common in pediatric RLS and the presence of PLMs is incorporated into the consensus criteria.…”

Section: Restless Legs Syndrome (Rls)mentioning

confidence: 95%

Current Treatment of Selected Pediatric Sleep Disorders

Sullivan

2012

Neurotherapeutics

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While pediatric sleep disorders are relatively common, treatments are often not straightforward. There is often a paucity of gold standard studies and data available to guide clinicians, treatments may yield arguably incomplete results, interventions may require chronic use, and/ or involve multiple modalities including behavioral interventions that require high parental and family commitment. This review points out diagnostic differences compared to adults and focuses on current therapy for selected common pediatric sleep disorders including sleep disordered breathing/ obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and restless legs syndrome. Other common pediatric sleep disorders, such as insomnia and parasomnias, are not covered.

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Restless Legs Syndrome and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a Review of the Literature

Cited by 296 publications

References 0 publications

Rare structural variants found in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are preferentially associated with neurodevelopmental genes

Rare structural variants found in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are preferentially associated with neurodevelopmental genes

Association between Low Serum Ferritin and Restless Legs Syndrome in Patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Current Treatment of Selected Pediatric Sleep Disorders

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