Ressourcenboom in Südamerika: alte Praktiken – neue Diskurse?

Abstract

Zusammenfassung: Der globale Boom der commodities hatte einen fundamentalen Einfluss auf die Wirtschaft vieler lateinamerikanischer Länder hin zur Reprimarisierung. Nach einer neoliberalen Phase der Öffnung in den 1990er Jahren, die stark durch den Washington Consensus geprägt sind, bringen die 2000er Jahre einen komplexeren politischen, sozialen und ökonomischen Kontext mit sich. Neo-extraktivistische Praktiken und post-extraktivistische Diskurse werden en vogue. Dieser Beitrag legt diese Veränderungen offen und kontextualisiert sie. Dabei wird die theoretische Diskussion mit zentralen Beispielen aus dem Bergbau, der Sojaproduktion und Infrastrukturprojekten in Südamerika aufgearbeitet. Abstract:The global commodity boom has had a major impact on many South American economies and their tendencies towards reprimarisation. After a phase of neoliberal opening of the 1990s influenced by the Washington Consensus, the 2000s have brought a more complex political, social and economic context; neo-extractivist practices and post-extractivist discourses become en vogue. This paper unearths and contextualizes those changes and highlights the theoretical discussion with major examples of mining, soy production and infrastructure projects in South America.

Re-primarização revisitada:

“…Although there is data available regarding absolute production levels of soybeans, this proves to be more difficult for data related to subsequent processing to soybean oil, soybean meal and soybean oilcake. Unlike corn or wheat, soybeans and soybean derivatives do usually not record domestic sales (HAFNER et al, 2016). Therefore, we assume that the entirety of exports explains the overall production of soybeans and soybean products in Argentina.…”

“…While we do not question the validity of the three trains of thought, we argue that a generalisation of neo-extractivist structures overlooks certain particularities of commodity types, the power of state intervention as well as the discussion on re-primarization of Global South economies. Considering the role of commodities in general, two core features are identified (HAFNER et al, 2016): the excessive exploitation and valorisation of scarce and hardly renewable resources, and the expansion of production towards formerly "unproductive" territories and their subsequent upgrading (SVAMPA, 2012, p. 14). The first aspect here is undeniably focussed on fossil fuels, minerals and ores, but had to be expanded to less traditional extractive commodities like soy.…”

Threatened sustainability: extractivist tendencies in the forest-based bioeconomy in Finland

“…Investments, innovation, and the development of standards are directed toward the global markets and their needs. This tendency includes long-distance transportation of resources that are often extracted at peripheral locations and processed in central economies (Willow 2019 ; Hafner et al 2016 ; Dietz and Engels 2017 ). According to Gudynas ( 2019 ), extractivism can be analyzed as a (g)local phenomenon affected by interlinkages between globally operating corporations and local effects on society, nature, and people.…”

Mining companies, indigenous communities, and the state: the political ecology of lithium in Chile (Salar de Atacama) and Argentina (Salar de Olaroz-Cauchari)

“…The government allowed the extraction of resources and minerals that were once considered to have strategic national importance. The expansion of lithium mining was part of larger trend in mining in the 1990s (Dorn 2021a;Hafner et al 2016;Paolasso et al 2013). Under the progressive governments of Néstor Kirchner (2003Kirchner ( -2007 and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007Kirchner ( -2015 the country's alignment remained unchanged.…”